The disclosure provides for vectors, and methods of using the vectors to efficiently deliver mRNA and/or ssRNA into cells.

Sulfur copolymers and methods of synthesizing said sulfur copolymers are described herein. Sulfur monomers copolymerize with epoxide or vinylic moieties the epoxy-functionalized styrenic comonomers to form a crosslinked network of the sulfur copolymer. Sulfur copolymers having high sulfur content are used as raw materials in 3D printing. Chalcogenide-based copolymers can utilize selenium to provide for the optical properties. Using an inverse vulcanization method, chalcogenic sulfur copolymers are used to prepare chemically stable polymer plastic materials with tunable optical and thermochemical properties. Optical substrates, such as films, waveguides, and molded (nano-, micro-) objects and lenses, are constructed from sulfur copolymers via 3D printing and are substantially transparent in the visible and infrared spectrum.

The present application relates to a polymer, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electrolyte membrane including the same.

The present application relates to a polymer, a method for manufacturing the same, and an electrolyte membrane including the same.

A three-dimensional printing method is provided. The method comprises selectively fusing a powder within a powder bed, wherein the powder comprises a plurality of polyarylene sulfide microparticles having a volume-based median particle size of from about 0.5 to about 200 micrometers.

A three-dimensional printing method is provided. The method comprises selectively fusing a powder within a powder bed, wherein the powder comprises a plurality of polyarylene sulfide microparticles having a volume-based median particle size of from about 0.5 to about 200 micrometers.

An improved photosensitizer for a photocathode comprises an oligomeric or polymeric chromphore absorbing, as an ensemble, light at (a) wavelengths at or greater than 420 nm that includes at least 3 identical or different suitable monomeric chromophore units carrying at least two substituents each comprising at least one alkylene, alkenylene and/or alkynylene chain having a chain length of at least 3 carbon atoms, those substituents being terminated by thiol groups, wherein the oligomeric or polymeric chromphore has a disulfide bond between each of the chromophores. A photocathode comprising the photosensitzer is useful for the reduction of water-soluble chemicals in oxidized forms, including protons, with the aid of visible light in a system comprising the photocathode and a photoanode or any other anode or source of electrons. A method for reducing chemicals soluble in aqueous media in oxidized forms, including protons, in aqueous solutions by means of the photocathode is also disclosed.

An improved photosensitizer for a photocathode comprises an oligomeric or polymeric chromphore absorbing, as an ensemble, light at (a) wavelengths at or greater than 420 nm that includes at least 3 identical or different suitable monomeric chromophore units carrying at least two substituents each comprising at least one alkylene, alkenylene and/or alkynylene chain having a chain length of at least 3 carbon atoms, those substituents being terminated by thiol groups, wherein the oligomeric or polymeric chromphore has a disulfide bond between each of the chromophores. A photocathode comprising the photosensitzer is useful for the reduction of water-soluble chemicals in oxidized forms, including protons, with the aid of visible light in a system comprising the photocathode and a photoanode or any other anode or source of electrons. A method for reducing chemicals soluble in aqueous media in oxidized forms, including protons, in aqueous solutions by means of the photocathode is also disclosed.

Compositions of flame retardants and methods of enhancing char formation in a flame retardant-treated substrate. A base material is combined with a flame retardant to form the flame retardant-treated substrate. The flame retardant contains a sulfur copolymer prepared by the polymerization of sulfur monomers with organic monomers. The flame retardant can be deposited on a surface of the base material, coated on the base material, or mixed into the base material. When the flame resistant substrate is on fire, the flame retardant forms a charring layer on the flame retardant-treated substrate. The charring layer can extinguish and prevent the fire from spreading.

Compositions of flame retardants and methods of enhancing char formation in a flame retardant-treated substrate. A base material is combined with a flame retardant to form the flame retardant-treated substrate. The flame retardant contains a sulfur copolymer prepared by the polymerization of sulfur monomers with organic monomers. The flame retardant can be deposited on a surface of the base material, coated on the base material, or mixed into the base material. When the flame resistant substrate is on fire, the flame retardant forms a charring layer on the flame retardant-treated substrate. The charring layer can extinguish and prevent the fire from spreading.