One aspect relates to a layered structure with a substrate, a first layer over the substrate, and a second layer over the first layer. The substrate and the second layer are an electrically conductive material and the first layer is an insulating material or the substrate and the second layer are insulating material and the first layer is electrically conductive material. At least one of the first and second layers comprises an electrically conductive polymer.

The present invention generally relates to cathode buffer materials and devices and methods comprising the cathode buffer materials.

The present disclosure relates to a carbazole-based anion exchange material, a preparation method therefor and use thereof, and more particularly, to an anion exchange material used in membranes for water electrolysis, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, carbon dioxide reduction, electrochemical ammonia production and decomposition, electrodialysis (ED), reverse electrodialysis (RED) or capacitive deionization (CDI), a separator comprising the same, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to prepare a separation membrane with improved mechanical and chemical stability and durability by remarkably improving the molecular weight together with solubility in solvent by providing the anion exchange material in which all bonds between monomers in the main chain are CC bonds based on the carbazole-based material with high stability.

The present disclosure relates to polymers, methods for polymer synthesis, and methods of modifying the backbone of said polymers. Modification of the polymer backbone via a sigmatropic rearrangement allows facile entry into new, highly ordered polymers.

Rubber compounds may comprise: an epoxidized polypentenamer rubber (CPR) and/or a hydrolyzed epoxidized CPR; and a filler comprising silica particles. One nonlimiting example is rubber compound comprising: phr to 90 phr of a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a natural rubber (NR), and/or a butadiene rubber (BR); 10 phr to 50 phr of a epoxidized CPR and/or a hydrolyzed epoxidized CPR; and 10 phr to 200 phr of a filler comprising silica particles, wherein the SBR, the NR, the BR, the epoxidized CPR, and the hydrolyzed epoxidized CPR combined equal 100 parts. Rubber compounds comprising epoxidized CPR and/or a hydrolyzed epoxidized CPR; and a filler comprising silica particles may be useful in tire compositions.

The present disclosure relates to polymers, methods for polymer synthesis, and methods of modifying the backbone of said polymers. Modification of the polymer backbone via a sigmatropic rearrangement allows facile entry into new, highly ordered polymers.