Some embodiments described herein relate to a substrate with a surface comprising a silane or a silane derivative covalently attached to optionally substituted cycloalkene or optionally substituted heterocycloalkene for direct conjugation with a functionalized molecule of interest, such as a polymer, a hydrogel, an amino acid, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a peptide, a polynucleotide, or a protein. In some embodiments, the silane or silane derivative contains optionally substituted norbornene or norbornene derivatives. Method for preparing a functionalized surface and the use in DNA sequencing and other diagnostic applications are also disclosed.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a substrate with a surface comprising a silane or a silane derivative covalently attached to optionally substituted cycloalkene or optionally substituted heterocycloalkene for direct conjugation with a functionalized molecule of interest, such as a polymer, a hydrogel, an amino acid, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a peptide, a polynucleotide, or a protein. In some embodiments, the silane or silane derivative contains optionally substituted norbornene or norbornene derivatives. Method for preparing a functionalized surface and the use in DNA sequencing and other diagnostic applications are also disclosed.

A polysulfone membrane is modified so that monomers are wafted onto the surface of the membrane. The polysulfone membranes can be grafted by contacting the membrane with a grafting solution and exposing the membrane to electromagnetic radiation, typically within the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. The monomers that are grafted are typically anionic or cationic. The grafted membranes can be used for filtering impurities, such as positively and negatively charged particles, from a liquid. Anionic membranes provide improved filtration of negatively charged impurities, while cationic membranes provide improved filtration of positively charged impurities.

An extrusion process of a manufacturing system for plastic which also serves as a depolymerization reactor through the use of melting point's temperature as activation energy and liquid solvents. The melting point activation energy and liquid solvents are used to generate a certain level of depolymerization at the manufacturing process of any given plastic product. The process includes several variables that are used in determining a final additive that is introduced at the beginning of the extrusion process. The final additive includes a mixture of a liquid solvents, a molecular filler, chemical carriers, and stabilizers.

One or more reactants are flowed into thermal contact with a heating element in a reactor for a first time period. During a first part of a heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a first temperature by heating with the heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated. The one or more thermochemical reactions includes pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof. The first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough. During a second part of the heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a second temperature less than the first temperature, for example, by de-energizing the heating element. A duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a duration of the heating cycle, which is less than five seconds.

One or more reactants are flowed into thermal contact with a heating element in a reactor for a first time period. During a first part of a heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a first temperature by heating with the heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated. The one or more thermochemical reactions includes pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof. The first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough. During a second part of the heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a second temperature less than the first temperature, for example, by de-energizing the heating element. A duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a duration of the heating cycle, which is less than five seconds.

This invention provides a method for creating a large-scale of amphiphilic particles. The method includes: adding nanoparticles into a polycarbonate-based solution, adding a surfactant into the solution while performing ultra-sonication to generate polymer precipitation, creating at least one microsphere with the nanoparticles embedded onto it, subjecting the exposed hemisphere of the embedded nanoparticles to a further amphiphilic particles related modification, and dissolving the at least one microsphere in a polycarbonate-based solution in order to free said embedded nanoparticles from the at least one microsphere.

This invention provides a method for creating a large-scale of amphiphilic particles. The method includes: adding nanoparticles into a polycarbonate-based solution, adding a surfactant into the solution while performing ultra-sonication to generate polymer precipitation, creating at least one microsphere with the nanoparticles embedded onto it, subjecting the exposed hemisphere of the embedded nanoparticles to a further amphiphilic particles related modification, and dissolving the at least one microsphere in a polycarbonate-based solution in order to free said embedded nanoparticles from the at least one microsphere.

A method for preparing a retreaded tire, the method comprising (a) providing a tire casing; (b) providing a pre-cured tire tread; (c) applying a primer composition to the tire casing, the pre-cured tread, or both the tire casing and the pre-cured tread therefore form at least one primer layer, where the primer composition includes a halogenating agent and a solvent; (d) applying a urethane-based adhesive composition to at least one of the tire casing, an adhesive layer, the pre-cured tread, or the at least one primer layer; (e) mating the pre-cured tread to the tire casing to thereby sandwich the adhesive layer between the pre-cured tread and the tire casing and form a pre-cured composite: and (f) allowing the adhesive layer of the pre-cured composite to cure and thereby form a retreaded tire.

A polylactic acid formed body including a polylactic acid base material (1) and a hydrocarbon film (3) vapor-deposited on the surface of the base material by a plasma CVD method. The polylactic acid base material (1) exhibits a sharp X-ray diffraction peak in which a half-width of peak appearing in the 10°-25° wide angle X-ray measurement is not more than 1.22°, and the hydrocarbon film (3) is vapor-deposited on the surface of the polylactic acid base material (1), and includes two layers of a high CH.sub.2 layer (3a) having a ratio of CH.sub.2 per the total of CH, CH.sub.2 and CH.sub.3 of not less than 40% and a low CH.sub.2 layer (3b) formed on the high CH.sub.2 layer (3a) and having a ratio of CH.sub.2 per the total of CH, CH.sub.2 and CH.sub.3 of not more than 35%.