Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of detecting, sensors (e.g., chromogenic sensor), kits, compositions, and the like that related to or use tunable macroporous polymer. In an aspect, tunable macroporous materials as described herein can be used to determine the presence of a certain type(s) and quantity of liquid in a liquid mixture.

A molding device produces a porous film from a molding material which is an emulsion. In a case where a volume of a dispersed phase is X1 and a volume of a continuous phase is X2, the molding material has a value of X1/(X1+X2) within a range of 0.5 or more and 0.9 or less. In the molding material, a specific gravity of the dispersed phase is greater than a specific gravity of the continuous phase. The molding material includes a water phase containing a curable compound as the continuous phase, and forms a liquid film on a support. Thereafter, the curable compound in the liquid film is cured. After curing, the dispersed phase is removed.

A molding device produces a porous film from a molding material which is an emulsion. In a case where a volume of a dispersed phase is X1 and a volume of a continuous phase is X2, the molding material has a value of X1/(X1+X2) within a range of 0.5 or more and 0.9 or less. In the molding material, a specific gravity of the dispersed phase is greater than a specific gravity of the continuous phase. The molding material includes a water phase containing a curable compound as the continuous phase, and forms a liquid film on a support. Thereafter, the curable compound in the liquid film is cured. After curing, the dispersed phase is removed.

A resinous membrane comprising a resin including a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, having a water pressure resistance of 800 kPa or more, and having a moisture permeability of 1500 g/m.sup.2.Math.day or more.

A resinous membrane comprising a resin including a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, having a water pressure resistance of 800 kPa or more, and having a moisture permeability of 1500 g/m.sup.2.Math.day or more.

A thermal insulation sheet is used that includes a fiber, a silica aerogel contained in the fiber, and a fibrous cavity. A method for manufacturing a thermal insulation sheet is used that includes: an impregnation step of impregnating a silica aerosol in a nonwoven fabric substrate containing a fiber that is insoluble in an acidic solution, and a fiber that is soluble in the acidic solution; a gelling step of gelling the silica aerosol; a hydrophobizing step of hydrophobizing the gel; and a drying step of drying the gel. The fiber that is soluble in the acidic solution is dissolved in the hydrophobizing step.

A thermal insulation sheet is used that includes a fiber, a silica aerogel contained in the fiber, and a fibrous cavity. A method for manufacturing a thermal insulation sheet is used that includes: an impregnation step of impregnating a silica aerosol in a nonwoven fabric substrate containing a fiber that is insoluble in an acidic solution, and a fiber that is soluble in the acidic solution; a gelling step of gelling the silica aerosol; a hydrophobizing step of hydrophobizing the gel; and a drying step of drying the gel. The fiber that is soluble in the acidic solution is dissolved in the hydrophobizing step.

A polyimide precursor solution includes: a polyimide precursor; polyester resin particles containing a polyester resin and having a volume average particle diameter of from 3 μm to 50 μm inclusive and an average circularity of 0.970 or more; and a solvent.

A polyimide precursor solution includes: a polyimide precursor; polyester resin particles containing a polyester resin and having a volume average particle diameter of from 3 μm to 50 μm inclusive and an average circularity of 0.970 or more; and a solvent.

Aerogel compositions, methods for preparing the aerogel compositions, articles of manufacture that include or are made from the aerogel compositions are described and uses thereof. The aerogels include a branched polyimide matrix with little to no crosslinked polymers.