Star block copolymers having 3 to 8 arms are formed as a 3D foam scaffold having tailor-made pore sizes that mimic an actual cell size of a specific animal and/or human tissue and/or organs. The pore sizes are made within the elastomeric foams via a salt leaching process wherein a salt of a specific particle size is blended within the star block copolymers and crosslinked as by polyisocyanate compounds. Water or other suitable solvent are utilized to dissolve and leach out the salt leaving an open pore system. Animal and/or human cells are then injected into the 3D elastomeric foam scaffold that contains pendant liquid crystals on the star block copolymer whereby with the aid of nutrients, cells are formed within the pore system that are viable for at least three months. The size of the pore is predetermined to produce a desired cultured cell having a desired size. The tissue and/or cells within the elastomeric scaffold can be applied to animal and/or human tissue and/or organs whereupon they grow and reconstruct the damaged, injured, diseased, etc., area and result in a healthy, repaired, and viable tissue or organ. The elastomeric liquid crystal containing foam scaffold will degrade naturally and/or also be consumed by the growing cells so that it no longer exists. In other words, a specific type of animal or human cell can be culturally produced having a predetermined average cell diameter that is substantially or essentially the same diameter of a natural cell.

Provided is a filtration method that includes a cleaning step and involves the use of a porous membrane, wherein the filtration method offers exceptional resistance to cleaning solutions (chemicals) (chemical liquid resistance) and exceptional filtration performance, and has a long service life. A filtration method includes the following steps: a filtration step in which a liquid to be processed that contains a material to be filtered is passed through a porous membrane configured from a resin having a three-dimensional mesh structure, and a filtrate is separated from the material to be filtered; and a cleaning step in which the porous membrane has a cleaning solution passed therethrough or is immersed in the cleaning solution so that the interior of the porous membrane is cleaned.

Provided is a filtration method that includes a cleaning step and involves the use of a porous membrane, wherein the filtration method offers exceptional resistance to cleaning solutions (chemicals) (chemical liquid resistance) and exceptional filtration performance, and has a long service life. A filtration method includes the following steps: a filtration step in which a liquid to be processed that contains a material to be filtered is passed through a porous membrane configured from a resin having a three-dimensional mesh structure, and a filtrate is separated from the material to be filtered; and a cleaning step in which the porous membrane has a cleaning solution passed therethrough or is immersed in the cleaning solution so that the interior of the porous membrane is cleaned.

A method of manufacturing a flexible intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite controlling for an effective pore size using removable pore-forming substances and physically incorporated, non-leaching antimicrobials. A flexible intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite controlled for an effective pore size composited physically incorporated, high-surface area, non-leaching antimicrobials, optionally in which the physically incorporated non-leaching antimicrobial exposes nanopillars on its surface to enhance antimicrobial activity. A kit that enhances the effectiveness of the intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite by storing the composite within an antimicrobial container.

A method of manufacturing a flexible intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite controlling for an effective pore size using removable pore-forming substances and physically incorporated, non-leaching antimicrobials. A flexible intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite controlled for an effective pore size composited physically incorporated, high-surface area, non-leaching antimicrobials, optionally in which the physically incorporated non-leaching antimicrobial exposes nanopillars on its surface to enhance antimicrobial activity. A kit that enhances the effectiveness of the intrinsically antimicrobial absorbent porosic composite by storing the composite within an antimicrobial container.

A porous film includes at least one porous polyimide film that includes a polyimide resin, an organic amine compound and a resin other than a polyimide resin, and that does not include a polar aprotic solvent, wherein a content of the organic amine compound is 0.001% by weight or higher with respect to a total weight of the porous polyimide film.

A porous film includes at least one porous polyimide film that includes a polyimide resin, an organic amine compound and a resin other than a polyimide resin, and that does not include a polar aprotic solvent, wherein a content of the organic amine compound is 0.001% by weight or higher with respect to a total weight of the porous polyimide film.

A foam composition that includes a polymer material such as polyurethane or polyurea and a leachable water-soluble fine powder is provided. This composition can he used in a relatively simple process to obtain a foam body (porous body) that is uniform only at the surface or uniform throughout. The foam body can be suitably used as a golf ball member in golf balls required to have good controllability on approach shots. Also provided is a method for producing a foam member, which method includes the steps of to molding the foam composition to obtain a solid molded body, and then leaching out and removing the water-soluble fine powder so as to obtain a foam-molded body.

A foam composition that includes a polymer material such as polyurethane or polyurea and a leachable water-soluble fine powder is provided. This composition can he used in a relatively simple process to obtain a foam body (porous body) that is uniform only at the surface or uniform throughout. The foam body can be suitably used as a golf ball member in golf balls required to have good controllability on approach shots. Also provided is a method for producing a foam member, which method includes the steps of to molding the foam composition to obtain a solid molded body, and then leaching out and removing the water-soluble fine powder so as to obtain a foam-molded body.

To provide a method for producing a porous film in which even when minute fine particles are used, fine particles can be satisfactorily dispersed, a method for producing a composition for producing a porous film, and a porous film that can be produced by the method for producing a porous film. When a porous film is formed using a varnish including at least one resin component selected from the group consisting of polyamide acid, polyimide, a polyamide-imide precursor, polyamide-imide and polyethersulfone, and fine particles, varnish is produced by dispersing the fine particles by using a pressure device that pressurizes slurry including the fine particles and a dispersing device provided with a flow path whose cross-sectional area is 1960 m.sup.2 or more and 785000 m.sup.2 or less, and allowing the slurry pressurized to 50 MPa or more to pass through the flow path.