Devices and methods for making a polymer with a porous layer from a solid piece of polymer are disclosed. In various embodiments, the method includes heating a surface of a solid piece of polymer to a processing temperature and holding the processing temperature while displacing a porogen layer through the surface of the polymer to create a matrix layer of the solid polymer body comprising the polymer and the porogen layer. In at least one embodiment, the method also includes removing at least a portion of the layer of porogen from the matrix layer to create a porous layer of the solid piece of polymer.

A method disclosed herein includes forming a polishing pad, providing a semiconductor device including a substrate, and performing a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process to the semiconductor device using the polishing pad and a CMP slurry including a plurality of abrasive particles. Forming the polishing pad includes providing a solution of a block copolymer (BCP) on a support substrate. The BCP includes a first segment and a second segment chemically distinct from the first segment. Forming the polishing pad further includes treating the BCP solution such that the BCP assembles into a polymer matrix having a first phase and a second phase embedded in the first phase, removing the second phase from the polymer matrix, thereby forming a polymer film, and replacing the support substrate with a sub pad, thereby forming the polishing pad. The first phase includes the first segment and the second phase includes the second segment.

A method disclosed herein includes forming a polishing pad, providing a semiconductor device including a substrate, and performing a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process to the semiconductor device using the polishing pad and a CMP slurry including a plurality of abrasive particles. Forming the polishing pad includes providing a solution of a block copolymer (BCP) on a support substrate. The BCP includes a first segment and a second segment chemically distinct from the first segment. Forming the polishing pad further includes treating the BCP solution such that the BCP assembles into a polymer matrix having a first phase and a second phase embedded in the first phase, removing the second phase from the polymer matrix, thereby forming a polymer film, and replacing the support substrate with a sub pad, thereby forming the polishing pad. The first phase includes the first segment and the second phase includes the second segment.

An aerogel that includes an open-cell structure and a polymer matrix is disclosed. The polymer matrix can include a branched polyimide polymer having a degree of branching of at least 0.5. The polymer matrix can contain less than 5% by weight of crosslinked polymers.

An aerogel that includes an open-cell structure and a polymer matrix is disclosed. The polymer matrix can include a branched polyimide polymer having a degree of branching of at least 0.5. The polymer matrix can contain less than 5% by weight of crosslinked polymers.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds having macropores interconnected with micorpores are provided. Tissue grafts that include the PCL scaffold having therapeutic cells encapsulated within the macropores are also provided. Also provided are methods of making the PCL scaffold and the tissue graft, and methods of transplanting cells into an individual using the tissue graft.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds having macropores interconnected with micorpores are provided. Tissue grafts that include the PCL scaffold having therapeutic cells encapsulated within the macropores are also provided. Also provided are methods of making the PCL scaffold and the tissue graft, and methods of transplanting cells into an individual using the tissue graft.

Polymer composite materials are disclosed containing one or more chemical scavengers. The polymer composites are porous and are configured to be contacted with a liquid for removing trace amounts of metals, proteins, polypeptides, polyphenols, other organic compounds, and the like. In order to produce the porous composite polymer product, one or more chemical scavengers are combined with high density polyethylene particles and sintered into a shape. The polyethylene resin acts as a binder trapping or encasing the one or more chemical scavengers in the porous structure.

Polymer composite materials are disclosed containing one or more chemical scavengers. The polymer composites are porous and are configured to be contacted with a liquid for removing trace amounts of metals, proteins, polypeptides, polyphenols, other organic compounds, and the like. In order to produce the porous composite polymer product, one or more chemical scavengers are combined with high density polyethylene particles and sintered into a shape. The polyethylene resin acts as a binder trapping or encasing the one or more chemical scavengers in the porous structure.

Described herein are supercapacitors that can contain graphene oxide based aerogels. Also described herein are methods making the graphene oxide based aerogels and supercapacitors described herein. Described herein are methods of using the graphene oxide based aerogels and supercapacitors described herein. Further described herein are devices that comprise graphene oxide based aerogels as described herein.