A method for producing a radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a step 1 of putting at least a resin having a polarity that increases by an action of an acid, a photoacid generator, and a solvent into a stirring tank, and a step 2 of producing a radiation-sensitive resin composition by stirring and mixing the resin having a polarity that increases by the action of an acid, the photoacid generator, and the solvent in the stirring tank under a gas having an inert gas concentration of 90% by volume or more, in which in the step 2, an atmospheric pressure inside the stirring tank is higher than an atmospheric pressure outside the stirring tank, and in the step 2, a difference between the atmospheric pressure inside the stirring tank and the atmospheric pressure outside the stirring tank is 2.0 kPa or less.

A copolymer, a method for producing the copolymer, a porous structure formed by the copolymer, a method for producing the porous structure, and a porous carbon sphere formed by carbonizing the porous structure are shown. The copolymer has a chemical structure of formula (1) or (2): ##STR00001##
wherein the molecular weight of the copolymer structure is 120,000 or less g/mole, m and t are both greater than 0, 8%p80%, y0, z0, and X is selected from Cl, Br and I.

A reverse electrodialysis device, including an anode, a cathode, one or more single cells spaced apart from each other between the anode and the cathode, each single cell including a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane, and a shielding membrane disposed to define spaces between the anode and the single cell and/or between the cathode and the single cell. The cation exchange membrane and the shielding membrane include a porous polymer substrate and a polymer electrolyte incorporated into pores in the substrate.

[Problem] To provide: a highly transparent active-energy-ray-curable composition that has few residual unreacted substances or low-molecular decomposition products, that does not cause odor or bleed-out, that makes it possible to acquire a cured product having high safety, durability, and transparency, and that can be cured completely even by long-wavelength light having a wavelength of 350 nm or greater; and a molded article which has various applications and in which the aforementioned composition is used.

[Solution] An active-energy-ray-curable composition that includes a polymerizable photoinitiator (A) having one or more benzophenone groups and one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups per molecule, and a polymerizable compound (B) (excluding A) having one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups per molecule, in which a content of components having a molecular weight of less than 1000 in a cured product of the aforementioned composition is less than 10%.

A material includes a base resin; a solvent; and a foaming agent and a photosensitizer, and/or a substance that serves as a foaming agent and a photosensitizer.

Disclosed is a process for making nitrated styrenic fluoropolymers having various degrees of substitution. The nitrated styrenic fluoropolymer is capable of providing an exceptionally high birefringence ranging from 0.02 to 0.036. Further, the birefringence can be tuned by varying the degree of substitution (DS) of the nitro group on the styrenic ring to meet the need for optical compensation film applications. More particularly, the optical compensation films of the present invention are for use in an in-plane switching LCD (IPS-LCD) and OLED display.

An ion-exchange membrane is disclosed here including ion-permeable layers impregnated with an ion-exchange material and arranged in an order from one face of the membrane to the opposite face of the membrane such that opposing layers in the supporting membrane substrate provide sufficiently identical physical properties to substantially avoid irregular expansion when in a salt solution. The ion-permeable layers including at least one non-woven layer and at least one reinforcing layer.

Disclosed are a copolymer, porous membranes made from the copolymer, and a method of treating fluids using the porous membranes to remove metal ions, for example, from fluids originating in the microelectronics industry, wherein the copolymer includes polymerized monomeric units I and II, wherein monomeric unit I is of the formula A-XCH.sub.2B, wherein A is Rf(CH.sub.2)n, Rf is a perfluoro alkyl group of the formula CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.x, wherein x is 3-12, n is 1-6, X is O or S, and B is vinylphenyl, the monomeric unit II is haloalkyl styrene, and optionally wherein the halo group of haloalkyl is replaced with an optional substituent, for example, ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, or iminodisuccinic acid.

A polymer, ion exchange membrane, and structural enhanced membrane employing the same are provided. The polymer includes a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit. In particular, the first repeating unit is

##STR00001##

and, the second repeating unit is

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.+ can be

##STR00003##

A.sup. can be F.sup., Cl.sup., Br.sup., I.sup., OH.sup., HCO.sub.3.sup., HSO.sub.4.sup., SbF.sub.6.sup., BF.sub.4.sup., H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup., H.sub.2PO.sub.3.sup., or H.sub.2PO.sub.2.sup.; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 can be independently O, S, CH.sub.2, or NH; R.sup.a and R.sup.b can be independently hydrogen or C.sub.1-8 alkyl group; i, j, and k can be independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 6; R.sup.1 can be C.sub.1-10 alkyl group or C.sub.5-6 cycloalkyl group; and, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can be independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl group, vinyl group, C.sub.6-12 aryl group, or allyl group.

An ion exchange membrane of the present invention contains a resin having an amino group and a constitutional unit represented by Formula 1, in which the number of amino groups per dry mass is 0.15 to 2.4 mmol/g. In Formula 1, L.sup.1 represents an alkylene group or an alkenylene group, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, and R.sup.d each independently represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, R.sup.a and R.sup.b and/or R.sup.c and R.sup.d may form a ring by being bonded to each other, n1 and n2 each independently represent an integer of 1 to 10, and X.sub.1.sup. and X.sub.2.sup. each independently represent an organic or inorganic anion. ##STR00001##