Provided are a copolymer having enough biocompatibility to be used in a medical material application, and a method of forming a crosslinked body, which involves modifying a substrate surface with the copolymer so that the surface may be biocompatible. More specifically, a protein adsorption-suppressing effect and a cell adhesion-suppressing effect, which are features of a phosphorylcholine group, are imparted to the substrate surface. It has been found that the object is achieved by a copolymer containing a phosphorylcholine constitutional unit, a hydrophobic constitutional unit, and a photoreactive constitutional unit at a specific ratio.

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

The disclosure provides a phosphorous flame retardant, a product and manufacturing methods thereof, and the phosphorous flame retardant has the chemical structure shown in the following Formula (3) or Formula (4):

##STR00001## In Formula (3), Y is H, F, Cl, or Br.

##STR00002##

Cross-linked polyvinyl polymers comprising charged groups and methods of making are disclosed. The polymers are effective and durable adsorbent of dyes from aqueous solutions. Also, a method of removal of dyes from contaminated water is disclosed.

The invention relates to a temperature-stable hydrogel comprising electrolytic water and a copolymer cross-linked to multivalent metal ions. The invention is characterized in that the copolymer contains at least structural units which are derived at up to 0.005-20% by weight from an ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acid and alkali metal salts thereof and/or ammonia salts, up to 5-40% by weight from an ethylenically unsaturated sulfuric acid and alkali metal salts thereof and/or ammonia salts and up to 5-94.995% by weight from an amide of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid selected from the group of acrylamide, methacrylamide and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl derivatives, wherein the percentages are based on the total mass of the monomers used during copolymerization, and that the multivalent metal ions for cross-linking of the copolymers belong to the groups IIIA, IVB, VB, VIIIB and/or VIIIB of the periodic system of elements.

The present invention relates to a multilayer structure including a base (X), a layer (Y), and a layer (Z) disposed contiguous to the layer (Y). The layer (Y) includes a compound (A) containing a phosphorus atom and a polymer (B) having a hydroxy group and/or carboxyl group. A mass ratio between the compound (A) and the polymer (B) is 15:85 to 99:1 in the layer (Y). The layer (Z) is a layer containing aluminum atoms.

A solid heterogeneous catalyst consisting of a metal component and an organic ligand polymer, wherein the metal component is one or more of Rh, Ir or Co, the organic ligand polymer is a polymer having a large specific surface area and hierarchical porosity formed by polymerizing an organic ligand monomer containing P and alkenyl group and optional N via a solvothermal polymerization process, the metal component forms coordinated bond with the P atom or N in backbone of the organic ligand polymer and exists in a monoatomic dispersion state; when the catalyst is used in an olefin hydroformylation reaction, the metal component and the P and/or N atom form in situ an intermediate active species similar to homogeneous catalyst due to the coordination effect, and the catalyst has an excellent catalytic property, can be easily separated, and has a relatively high stability.

The disclosed subject matter relates compounds of structure (I), and polymers of structure (II) having a polydispersity ranging from 1 to about 1.1, compositions comprising said polymers and a spin casting solvent, the process of forming a pinning layer selectively on metal with said composition and the process of using said pinning layers to affect chemoepitaxy directed self-assembly of an overlying block copolymer, and the subsequent process of pattern transfer of this self-assembled layer into a substrate by etching. ##STR00001##

A vinyl group-containing phosphoric copolymer, a resin composition comprising the phosphoric copolymer and an article made from the resin composition are disclosed. The vinyl group-containing phosphoric copolymer includes a structural unit of Formula (1-1) and a structural unit of Formula (1-2). The resin composition includes 100 parts by weight of a vinyl group-containing polyphenylene ether resin and 55 to 80 parts by weight of a vinyl group-containing phosphoric copolymer. The resin composition may be used to make a prepreg, a resin film, a laminate or a printed circuit board, and at least one of the following properties can be improved, including dielectric constant, dissipation factor, copper foil peeling strength, flame retardancy, glass transition temperature and PCT water absorption ratio.

##STR00001##

The disclosed subject matter relates compounds of structure (I), and polymers of structure (II) having a polydispersity ranging from 1 to about 1.1, compositions comprising said polymers and a spin casting solvent, the process of forming a pinning layer selectively on metal with said composition and the process of using said pinning layers to affect chemoepitaxy directed self-assembly of an overlying block copolymer, and the subsequent process of pattern transfer of this self-assembled layer into a substrate by etching.

##STR00001##