A bio-electrode, excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried, includes an electro-conductive base material and a living body contact layer formed on the electro-conductive base material. The living body contact layer is a cured material of a bio-electrode composition including (A) an ionic material and (C) a metal powder, wherein the component (A) is a polymer compound containing a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, and a silver salt of any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and fluorosulfonamide.

Additional oil recovery is obtained from a reservoir with a composition comprising at least a coupling solvent typically employed in waterborne coating compositions. Provided herein are embodiments of methods of recovering hydrocarbons using at least one coupling solvent, such as an oxygenated coupling solvent. The coupling solvent increases the mutual solubility with water at the injection temperature to facilitate the mixing and injection, particularly with an optional co-solvent. The coupling solvent helps mitigate formation plugging and improve performance when injected into a formation, as the solvent mixture moves from being miscible in the injection field water to being miscible in the reservoir oil, mobilizing the reservoir oil to increase oil recovery.

Additional oil recovery is obtained from a reservoir with a composition comprising at least a coupling solvent typically employed in waterborne coating compositions. Embodiments include recovering hydrocarbons using at least one coupling solvent, such as an oxygenated coupling solvent. The coupling solvent increases the mutual solubility with water at the injection temperature to facilitate the mixing and injection, particularly with an optional co-solvent. The coupling solvent helps mitigate formation plugging and improve performance when injected into a formation, as the solvent mixture moves from being miscible in the injection field water to being miscible in the reservoir oil, mobilizing the reservoir oil to increase oil recovery.

Provided is an electron-accepting substance precursor comprising a sulfonic acid ester compound represented by formula (1).

##STR00001##

(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or a straight-chain or branched C1-6 alkyl group. R.sup.5 represents a C2-20 monovalent hydrocarbon group which may be substituted. A.sup.1 represents O or S. A.sup.2 represents a group having a valence of (n+1) and derived from naphthalene or anthracene. A.sup.3 represents a group having a valence of m and derived from perfluorinated biphenyl. m represents an integer satisfying 2?m?4. n represents an integer satisfying 1?n?4.)

Provided is an electron-accepting substance precursor comprising a sulfonic acid ester compound represented by formula (1).

##STR00001##

(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or a straight-chain or branched C1-6 alkyl group. R.sup.5 represents a C2-20 monovalent hydrocarbon group which may be substituted. A.sup.1 represents O or S. A.sup.2 represents a group having a valence of (n+1) and derived from naphthalene or anthracene. A.sup.3 represents a group having a valence of m and derived from perfluorinated biphenyl. m represents an integer satisfying 2?m?4. n represents an integer satisfying 1?n?4.)

A monomer having formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein in formula (I), groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

A monomer having formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein in formula (I), groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

The present invention is a polishing composition, containing zirconium oxide as abrasive grains, the polishing composition having pH of 11.0 or more and less than 12.5, the zirconium oxide having element concentrations of sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, and cobalt of less than 1 ppm each. There can be provided a polishing composition that enables semiconductor substrates having high flatness not only in the inner circumferential portion but also in the outer circumferential portion with little contamination due to metal impurities to be obtained at high productivity.

The present invention is a polishing composition, containing zirconium oxide as abrasive grains, the polishing composition having pH of 11.0 or more and less than 12.5, the zirconium oxide having element concentrations of sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, and cobalt of less than 1 ppm each. There can be provided a polishing composition that enables semiconductor substrates having high flatness not only in the inner circumferential portion but also in the outer circumferential portion with little contamination due to metal impurities to be obtained at high productivity.

Described herein are polymerblends having improved impact performance and outstanding chemical resistance. The polymerblends include at least one semi-aromatic polyester polymer, at least one poly(phenyl sulfone) polymer, and at least one impact modifier. In some embodiments, the polymerblends can optionally include one or more aromatic polycarbonate polymers, one or more poly(aryl ether sulfone) polymers and one or more additives. In some embodiments, the polymerblends can be desirably incorporated mobile electronic device components.