An electro-polarizable compound has the following general formula:

##STR00001##

Core1 is an aromatic polycyclic conjugated molecule having two-dimensional teat form and self-assembling by pi-pi stacking in a column-like supramolecule, R1 is a dopant group connected to Core1; a number m of R1 groups is 1, 2, 3 or 4. R2 is a substituent comprising one or more ionic groups connected to Core1; a number p of ionic groups R2 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. The fragment marked NLE has a nonlinear polarization effect. Core2 is an electro-conductive oligomer self-assembling by pi-pi stacking in a column-like supramolecule, a number n of such oligomers is 0, 2, or 4. R3 is a substituent comprising one or more ionic groups connected to Core2; a number s of the ionic groups R3 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. R4 is a resistive substituent providing solubility of the compound in a solvent and electrically insulating the column-like supramolecules from each other. A number k of substituents R4 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

Mass spectrometry (MS) active, fluorescent rapid tagging reagent is provided having three substituent groups: (a) a tertiary amino group or other MS active atom; (b) a highly fluorescent moiety; and (c) a reactive group that can react with an amine. The reactive group provides rapid tagging of desired bio-molecules. The fluorescent moiety provides the fluorescent signal. The tertiary amino group provides the MS signal.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I): including stereoisomers, salts and tautomers thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, L.sup.5, L.sup.6, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, A, q, w and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided. ##STR00001##

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I): including stereoisomers, salts and tautomers thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, L.sup.5, L.sup.6, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, A, q, w and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to organic light emitting elements, comprising thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and/or hosts on basis of phthalimide and naphthalimide materials, which have a sufficiently small energy gap between S.sub.1 and T.sub.1 (ΔE.sub.ST) to enable up-conversion of the triplet exciton from T.sub.1 to S.sub.1. The organic light emitting elements show high electroluminescent efficiency.

Disclosed herein are a colored functionalized paracyclophane represented by Formula (I) and a colored chemical film represented by Formula (II):

##STR00001## wherein A, o, and p in Formula (I) and Formula (II) are as defined herein. The colored chemical film may be formed from the colored functionalized [2,2]paracyclophane by chemical vapor deposition.

Polymers, monomers, narrow-band absorbing polymers, narrow-band absorbing monomers, absorbing units, polymer dots, and related methods are provided. Bright, luminescent polymer nanoparticles with narrow-band absorptions are provided. Methods for synthesizing absorbing monomers, methods for synthesizing the polymers, preparation methods for forming the polymer nanoparticles, and applications for using the polymer nanoparticles are also provided.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I): ##STR00001## including stereoisomers, salts and tautomers thereof, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, L.sup.5, L.sup.6, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, A, q, w and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I): ##STR00001## including stereoisomers, salts and tautomers thereof, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, L.sup.5, L.sup.6, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, A, q, w and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds are also provided.

Described herein are polymer-encapsulated materials and a method for encapsulating materials with polymer via emulsion polymerization. The encapsulated materials include colorants (e.g., pigments and dyes, and in particular fluorescent dyes), optical brighteners, downconverters and upconverters. The encapsulated materials are produced by the emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The polymer-encapsulation method described herein does not require the preparation of a miniemulsion homogenized with special equipment, such as an ultrasonification device, and the resulting polymer-encapsulated materials exhibit optical properties superior to polymer-encapsulated materials prepared by processes that include the preparation of a miniemulsion prepared with such special equipment, such as an ultrasonification device.