A carrier system carries a dye (A) and a co-adsorbent (B) represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein, ring A represents a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle and may further be fused; a hydrogen atom in the ring A may be replaced by a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an OR.sup.2 group, an SR.sup.2 group, or a hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent; Z represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group that is interrupted zero to three times by O etc.; Z.sup.1 represents a divalent aromatic group; R.sup.1 represents a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or a phosphonic acid group; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent; An.sup.m represents an m-valent anion; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; and p represents a coefficient for keeping the electrical charge neutral.

A carrier system carries a dye (A) and a co-adsorbent (B) represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein, ring A represents a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle and may further be fused; a hydrogen atom in the ring A may be replaced by a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an OR.sup.2 group, an SR.sup.2 group, or a hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent; Z represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group that is interrupted zero to three times by O etc.; Z.sup.1 represents a divalent aromatic group; R.sup.1 represents a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or a phosphonic acid group; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent; An.sup.m represents an m-valent anion; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; and p represents a coefficient for keeping the electrical charge neutral.

The present invention relates to iridium and platinum carbene complexes of the general formula (I), to OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) which comprise such complexes, to a device selected from the group consisting of illuminating elements, stationary visual display units and mobile visual display units comprising such an OLED, to the use of such a metal-carbene complex in OLEDs, for example as emitter, matrix material, charge transport material and/or charge or exciton blocker. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to iridium and platinum carbene complexes of the general formula (I), to OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) which comprise such complexes, to a device selected from the group consisting of illuminating elements, stationary visual display units and mobile visual display units comprising such an OLED, to the use of such a metal-carbene complex in OLEDs, for example as emitter, matrix material, charge transport material and/or charge or exciton blocker. ##STR00001##

Cyclometallated Ir complex comprising three N,N diaryl substituted carbene ligands, bearing substituents in the 2 position of the non-cyclometallated aryl ring; an organic electronic device, preferably an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), comprising at least one cyclometallated Ir complex as described above, a light-emitting layer comprising said cyclometallated Ir complex preferably as emitter material, preferably in combination with at least one host material, use of said cyclometallated Ir complex in an OLED and an apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, mobile visual display units, illumination units, units in items of clothing, units in handbags, units in accessories, units in furniture and units in wallpaper comprising said organic electronic device, preferably said OLED, or said light-emitting layer. The present invention further relates to a process for the preparation of said cyclometallated Ir complex.

An organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the organic layer including: an emission layer, an electron transport region between the second electrode and the emission layer, and a mixed layer between the emission layer and the electron transport region, the mixed layer including a first material and a second material, the first material and the second material being selected from a pyrrolidine-based compound and a C.sub.10-C.sub.30 polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon-based compound, and a triplet energy Eg.sub.T1 of at least one selected from the first material and the second material being 2.2 eV or greater.

Encrypted markers that are not readily detectable can be revealed by treatment with a specific reagent used as a developer to reveal a readily detectable physical property of the marker, such as a characteristic fluorescence emission after excitation with a particular excitation wavelength, or to reveal a visible color. The encrypted marker can be developed in situ, or a sample can be removed by brushing, scraping, swabbing or scratching the marked object or item and developing the encrypted marker or a sample thereof with the appropriate developer to reveal an overt marker or optical signal. The encrypted marker may include a DNA taggant.

Provided is an organic light-emitting element having high luminous efficiency and a long lifetime. The organic light-emitting element includes a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer placed between the pair of electrodes, in which the organic compound layer includes an iridium complex having a benzo[f]isoquinoline of a specific structure as a ligand and a metal complex compound of a specific structure.

Provided is an organic light-emitting element having high luminous efficiency and a long lifetime. The organic light-emitting element includes a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer placed between the pair of electrodes, in which the organic compound layer includes an iridium complex having a benzo[f]isoquinoline of a specific structure as a ligand and a metal complex compound of a specific structure.

Phosphorescent complexes are designed with intramolecular H-bonding properties to prevent deprotonation of neighboring molecules.