A nanocarbon material includes agglomerate nanostructures made of aggregates of: (i) graphene nanostructures having at least partially crumpled morphology, and (ii) clusters of at least one carbon material. The carbon material may have a graphitic structure. At least a portion of the graphitic structure may be at least partially hollow and have at least one winged protrusion. Optionally, the nanocarbon material may be part of a composition that includes a dispersion medium or a cementitious material. Methods of making such a composition are also disclosed.

A nanocarbon material includes agglomerate nanostructures made of aggregates of: (i) graphene nanostructures having at least partially crumpled morphology, and (ii) clusters of at least one carbon material. The carbon material may have a graphitic structure. At least a portion of the graphitic structure may be at least partially hollow and have at least one winged protrusion. Optionally, the nanocarbon material may be part of a composition that includes a dispersion medium or a cementitious material. Methods of making such a composition are also disclosed.

Provided is a surface-modified nanodiamond having excellent dispersibility in an organic solvent, and a method capable of introducing various surface-modifying groups and easily producing surface-modified nanocarbon particles with little zirconia contamination. The surface-modified nanodiamond includes nanodiamond particles and a group that surface-modifies the nanodiamond particles and is represented by Formula (1): —X—R.sup.1 (1) [where X represents —NH—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —NH—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—NH—, or —S—; the bond extending left from X is bonded to a nanodiamond particle; R.sup.1 represents a monovalent organic group that does not have a hydroxy group, carboxy group, amino group, mono-substituted amino group, terminal alkenyl group, and terminal epoxy group; an atom bound to X is a carbon atom; and a molar ratio of carbon atoms to the total amount of heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, and silicon atoms is 4.5 or greater.

Provided is a surface-modified nanodiamond having excellent dispersibility in an organic solvent, and a method capable of introducing various surface-modifying groups and easily producing surface-modified nanocarbon particles with little zirconia contamination. The surface-modified nanodiamond includes nanodiamond particles and a group that surface-modifies the nanodiamond particles and is represented by Formula (1): —X—R.sup.1 (1) [where X represents —NH—, —O—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —NH—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—NH—, or —S—; the bond extending left from X is bonded to a nanodiamond particle; R.sup.1 represents a monovalent organic group that does not have a hydroxy group, carboxy group, amino group, mono-substituted amino group, terminal alkenyl group, and terminal epoxy group; an atom bound to X is a carbon atom; and a molar ratio of carbon atoms to the total amount of heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, and silicon atoms is 4.5 or greater.

The invention is directed to a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising, based on parts by weight per 100 parts by weight elastomer (phr): 100 phr of at least one diene-based elastomer; and from 1 to 100 phr of a carbon dioxide-generated carbon reinforcement produce by a method comprising: mixing a first gas stream containing carbon dioxide and a second gas stream containing a gaseous reducing agent to form a reaction gas mixture; supplying the reaction gas mixture to a reaction zone; reacting the carbon dioxide with the gaseous reducing agent in the reaction zone in the presence of an iron-containing catalyst to form water and the solid carbon product; and separating at least a portion of the water formed in the reaction zone from the reaction gas mixture during the reaction of the carbon dioxide with the gaseous reducing agent.

A particle is provided that includes a first material and a second material, arranged to provide a Fano resonance effect, for example in the visible portion of electromagnetic spectrum. The first and second materials may be substantially clear in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The first material may include an inorganic material, such as SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, HfO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, diamond, or a combination thereof. The second material may include a polymer. The first material has a first refractive index and the second material has a second refractive index, where the first refractive index and second refractive index have a difference of 0.5 or greater, and 1.0 or less. The first material may form a core and the second material may form a shell surrounding the core. Alternatively, the first and second materials may form a Janus particle, an asymmetric dimer, or an aggregate.

A carbonaceous filler-containing polyols dispersion obtained by blending a carbonaceous filler with polyols, wherein the carbonaceous filler has a component content (anhydrous basis weight) with 80% or more fixed carbon, less than 8% volatile content, and less than 4% ash content by industrial analysis, the carbonaceous filler has a phenolic hydroxy group per external specific surface area of 0.005 mmol/m.sup.2 or more, the carbonaceous filler is a carbon based material having an average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1 to 100 μm, and the carbonaceous filler-containing polyols dispersion is characterized by including 1 to 80 parts by weight of the carbonaceous filler with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyols.

A carbonaceous filler-containing polyols dispersion obtained by blending a carbonaceous filler with polyols, wherein the carbonaceous filler has a component content (anhydrous basis weight) with 80% or more fixed carbon, less than 8% volatile content, and less than 4% ash content by industrial analysis, the carbonaceous filler has a phenolic hydroxy group per external specific surface area of 0.005 mmol/m.sup.2 or more, the carbonaceous filler is a carbon based material having an average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1 to 100 μm, and the carbonaceous filler-containing polyols dispersion is characterized by including 1 to 80 parts by weight of the carbonaceous filler with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyols.

A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

Provided are methods for preparing carbon powders and activated carbon powders from cellulose-containing liquids. In some embodiments, the methods include exposing a cellulose-containing liquid to a hydrothermal carbonization process to convert the carbonaceous material present therein into a carbon powder. Also provided are methods for activating carbon powders, methods for producing carbon powder-containing polymer matrices, and carbon powders, activated carbon powders, and polymer matrices that that include the disclosed carbon powders and/or activated carbon powders that are produced by the presently disclosed methods.