The invention relates to a capsule comprising a shell containing a transparent and thermally conducting liquid, particles having a thermochromic coating and particles having a photochromic coating, the thermochromic particles being bulkier than photochromic particles, the liquid being such that, within a first range of temperatures, its density is greater than the density of the thermochromic particles and than the density of the photochromic particles, and such that, within a second range of temperatures greater than those of the first range, the density of the photochromic particles is less than the density of the liquid, which is itself less than the density of the thermochromic particles.

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I), a process for its preparation and its use as fluorescent dye that absorbs light emitted from an irradiation source and emits light different from that of the irradiation source and having a wavelength in the range from 680 to 950 nm; in photovoltaic applications; or as semiconductor in organic electronic applications; as laser dye, in an ink for machine readability and/or security applications or for the laser-welding of plastics; or for brand protection or as marker for liquids. The compounds of formula (I) may have a high fluorescence quantum yield, a high molar extinction coefficient, a high solubility and stability in the application medium, good storage stability and/or good detectability even in very small amounts in the correspondingly marked liquids.

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The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I), a process for its preparation and its use as fluorescent dye that absorbs light emitted from an irradiation source and emits light different from that of the irradiation source and having a wavelength in the range from 680 to 950 nm; in photovoltaic applications; or as semiconductor in organic electronic applications; as laser dye, in an ink for machine readability and/or security applications or for the laser-welding of plastics; or for brand protection or as marker for liquids. The compounds of formula (I) may have a high fluorescence quantum yield, a high molar extinction coefficient, a high solubility and stability in the application medium, good storage stability and/or good detectability even in very small amounts in the correspondingly marked liquids.

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A quantum dot-polymer composite film includes: a plurality of quantum dots, wherein a quantum dot of the plurality of quantum dots includes an organic ligand on a surface of a the quantum dot; a cured product of a photopolymerizable monomer including a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond; and a residue including a residue of a high-boiling point solvent, a residue of a polyvalent metal compound, or a combination thereof.

A quantum dot-polymer composite film includes: a plurality of quantum dots, wherein a quantum dot of the plurality of quantum dots includes an organic ligand on a surface of a the quantum dot; a cured product of a photopolymerizable monomer including a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond; and a residue including a residue of a high-boiling point solvent, a residue of a polyvalent metal compound, or a combination thereof.

A method for measuring the radiant exposure of energy curable inks or coatings on a printing press. The steps for measuring comprise: a) providing an ink or coating material comprising a fluorescent probe; b) transferring the ink or coating material onto a substrate using a printing process; c) exposing the ink or coating material to actinic radiation capable of initiating cure of the ink or coating material that also alters the luminescence of the probe; d) exposing the ink or coating to a first source of excitation light with wavelength and luminance capable of absorption by the fluorescent probe; and e) measuring the emitted light from the fluorescent probe by a first detector.

A method for measuring the radiant exposure of energy curable inks or coatings on a printing press. The steps for measuring comprise: a) providing an ink or coating material comprising a fluorescent probe; b) transferring the ink or coating material onto a substrate using a printing process; c) exposing the ink or coating material to actinic radiation capable of initiating cure of the ink or coating material that also alters the luminescence of the probe; d) exposing the ink or coating to a first source of excitation light with wavelength and luminance capable of absorption by the fluorescent probe; and e) measuring the emitted light from the fluorescent probe by a first detector.

A method of producing an organic pigment composition including at least organic pigment microparticles, wherein a diffuse reflectance of the organic pigment microparticles is controlled for the purpose of improving a luminance of a color filter. The luminance of the color filter is controlled to be high, by controlling a ratio of an area of the diffuse reflectance in a target wavelength range to a total area of the diffuse reflectance in the entire measurement wavelength range in a diffuse reflection spectrum of the organic pigment microparticles in the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm, to be high. The luminance of the color filter is controlled to be high, by coating at least a part of the surface of the organic pigment microparticles with an oxide.

A method of producing an organic pigment composition including at least organic pigment microparticles, wherein a diffuse reflectance of the organic pigment microparticles is controlled for the purpose of improving a luminance of a color filter. The luminance of the color filter is controlled to be high, by controlling a ratio of an area of the diffuse reflectance in a target wavelength range to a total area of the diffuse reflectance in the entire measurement wavelength range in a diffuse reflection spectrum of the organic pigment microparticles in the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm, to be high. The luminance of the color filter is controlled to be high, by coating at least a part of the surface of the organic pigment microparticles with an oxide.

A quantum dot including a core including a semiconductor nanocrystal including a Group III-V compound; and a first semiconductor nanocrystal shell disposed on the semiconductor nanocrystal core, the first semiconductor nanocrystal shell including zinc, selenium, and optionally sulfur, and a second semiconductor nanocrystal shell disposed on the first semiconductor nanocrystal shell, the second semiconductor nanocrystal shell including zinc, sulfur, and optionally selenium, wherein the quantum dot does not include cadmium, an emission peak wavelength of the quantum dot is in a range of about 500 nanometers (nm) to about 550 nm, and an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of the quantum dot includes a first exciton absorption peak and a second exciton absorption peak, a composition including the same, a composite, and an electronic device.