An electrochemical device, which is a non-aqueous electrochemical device, comprising a polymer (P) enclosed in an inside of the electrochemical device, wherein the polymer (P) is a polymer having a molecular structure containing a unit (P) represented by the following formula (P), the polymer (P) having a weight-average molecular weight of greater than 50,000, as well as an electrode for an electrochemical device, a coating liquid for an electrochemical device, an insulating layer for an electrochemical device, an undercoat layer for an electrochemical device, and an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical device including the polymer (P) and other ingredients:

##STR00001## in the formula (P), R.sup.P is a group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

An electrochemical device, which is a non-aqueous electrochemical device, comprising a polymer (P) enclosed in an inside of the electrochemical device, wherein the polymer (P) is a polymer having a molecular structure containing a unit (P) represented by the following formula (P), the polymer (P) having a weight-average molecular weight of greater than 50,000, as well as an electrode for an electrochemical device, a coating liquid for an electrochemical device, an insulating layer for an electrochemical device, an undercoat layer for an electrochemical device, and an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical device including the polymer (P) and other ingredients:

##STR00001## in the formula (P), R.sup.P is a group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

The present invention provides a coating liquid comprising a hydroxyl group-containing resin, an inorganic layered compound and a liquid medium, wherein an amount of sodium (Na) in the coating liquid is 2,500 ppm or less on a weight basis relative to a solids content of the coating liquid.

The present invention provides a coating liquid comprising a hydroxyl group-containing resin, an inorganic layered compound and a liquid medium, wherein an amount of sodium (Na) in the coating liquid is 2,500 ppm or less on a weight basis relative to a solids content of the coating liquid.

A composition having a carbon material and a redox substance with a redox potential of −0.2 (V vs. SHE) or higher and 1.5 (V vs. SHE) or lower. A composition having a carbon material that is a carbon fiber. A composition where the carbon fiber is in a form of a chopped strand, roving, textile, non-woven fabric, or unidirectional material.

A composition having a carbon material and a redox substance with a redox potential of −0.2 (V vs. SHE) or higher and 1.5 (V vs. SHE) or lower. A composition having a carbon material that is a carbon fiber. A composition where the carbon fiber is in a form of a chopped strand, roving, textile, non-woven fabric, or unidirectional material.

Antibacterial coatings and methods of making the antibacterial coatings are described herein. A first branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) layer is formed and a first glyoxal layer is formed on a surface of the BPEI layer. The first BPEI layer and the first glyoxal layer are cured to form a crosslinked BPEI coating. The first BPEI layer can be modified with superhydrophobic moieties, superhydrophilic moieties, or negatively charged moieties to increase the antifouling characteristics of the coating. The first BPEI layer can be modified with contact-killing bactericidal moieties to increase the bactericidal characteristics of the coating.

A conductive composition comprising a conductive polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer (B), and a solvent (C1), wherein: the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises a water-soluble polymer (B11) represented by formula (11), and an amount of a water-soluble polymer (B2) represented by formula (2) as the water-soluble polymer (B) is 0.15% by mass or less, based on a total mass of the conductive composition: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently denotes a methyl or ethyl group, R.sup.6 denotes a hydrophilic group, R.sup.7 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y.sup.1 denotes a single bond, —S—, —S(═O)—, —C(═O)—O— or —O—, Z denotes a cyano group or a hydroxy group, each of p1 and q denotes an average number of repetitions, and is a number of from 1 to 50, and m denotes a number of from 1 to 5.

A conductive composition comprising a conductive polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer (B), and a solvent (C1), wherein: the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises a water-soluble polymer (B11) represented by formula (11), and an amount of a water-soluble polymer (B2) represented by formula (2) as the water-soluble polymer (B) is 0.15% by mass or less, based on a total mass of the conductive composition: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently denotes a methyl or ethyl group, R.sup.6 denotes a hydrophilic group, R.sup.7 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y.sup.1 denotes a single bond, —S—, —S(═O)—, —C(═O)—O— or —O—, Z denotes a cyano group or a hydroxy group, each of p1 and q denotes an average number of repetitions, and is a number of from 1 to 50, and m denotes a number of from 1 to 5.

A conductive composition comprising a conductive polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer (B), and a solvent (C1), wherein: the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises a water-soluble polymer (B11) represented by formula (11), and an amount of a water-soluble polymer (B2) represented by formula (2) as the water-soluble polymer (B) is 0.15% by mass or less, based on a total mass of the conductive composition: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently denotes a methyl or ethyl group, R.sup.6 denotes a hydrophilic group, R.sup.7 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y.sup.1 denotes a single bond, —S—, —S(═O)—, —C(═O)—O— or —O—, Z denotes a cyano group or a hydroxy group, each of p1 and q denotes an average number of repetitions, and is a number of from 1 to 50, and m denotes a number of from 1 to 5.