Provided herein are rosin-containing materials, including crude tall oil (CTO), tall oil rosin (TOR), distilled tall oil (DTO), crude fatty acid (CFA), as well as methods of making thereof. The rosin-containing materials can exhibit improved color (e.g., a reduced Gardner color), reduced sulfur content, improved color stability, or a combination thereof.

Provided herein are rosin-containing materials, including crude tall oil (CTO), tall oil rosin (TOR), distilled tall oil (DTO), crude fatty acid (CFA), as well as methods of making thereof. The rosin-containing materials can exhibit improved color (e.g., a reduced Gardner color), reduced sulfur content, improved color stability, or a combination thereof.

Presently described are purification methods for modified rosin compositions, purified compositions, and articles thereof. The methods described herein use a solvent. The solvent can include at least one of a hydrocarbon solvent, a bio-based solvent, or a combination thereof. The purified modified rosin compositions have higher amounts of the modified rosin as compared with modified rosin compositions that have not been purified.

Presently described are purification methods for modified rosin compositions, purified compositions, and articles thereof. The methods described herein use a solvent. The solvent can include at least one of a hydrocarbon solvent, a bio-based solvent, or a combination thereof. The purified modified rosin compositions have higher amounts of the modified rosin as compared with modified rosin compositions that have not been purified.

Precipitated bacterial capsular polysaccharides can be efficiently re-solubilized using alcohols as solvents. The invention provides a process for purifying a bacterial capsular polysaccharide, comprising the steps of (a) precipitation of said polysaccharide, followed by (b) solubilization of the precipitated polysaccharide using ethanol. CTAB can be used for step (a). The material obtained, preferably following hydrolysis and sizing, can be conjugated to a carrier protein and formulated as a vaccine. Also, in vaccines comprising saccharides from both serogroups A and C, the invention provides that the ratio (w/w) of MenA saccharide:MenC saccharide is >1.

Precipitated bacterial capsular polysaccharides can be efficiently re-solubilized using alcohols as solvents. The invention provides a process for purifying a bacterial capsular polysaccharide, comprising the steps of (a) precipitation of said polysaccharide, followed by (b) solubilization of the precipitated polysaccharide using ethanol. CTAB can be used for step (a). The material obtained, preferably following hydrolysis and sizing, can be conjugated to a carrier protein and formulated as a vaccine. Also, in vaccines comprising saccharides from both serogroups A and C, the invention provides that the ratio (w/w) of MenA saccharide:MenC saccharide is >1.