An electrospray thruster including an emitter, an extractor, a propellant storage vessel for a primary liquid propellant, a propellant delivery pathway from the vessel to the emitter, and an ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is configured to have a solid phase at temperatures less than a predetermined temperature and a liquid phase at temperatures greater than the predetermined temperature, and the ionic liquid is configured to create a propellant isolation barrier in the solid phase to prevent absorption by the primary liquid propellant. The electrospray thruster also includes a heater associated with the vessel and configured to heat the ionic liquid to above the predetermined temperature for mixing with the primary liquid propellant.

An electrospray thruster including an emitter, an extractor, a propellant storage vessel for a primary liquid propellant, a propellant delivery pathway from the vessel to the emitter, and an ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is configured to have a solid phase at temperatures less than a predetermined temperature and a liquid phase at temperatures greater than the predetermined temperature, and the ionic liquid is configured to create a propellant isolation barrier in the solid phase to prevent absorption by the primary liquid propellant. The electrospray thruster also includes a heater associated with the vessel and configured to heat the ionic liquid to above the predetermined temperature for mixing with the primary liquid propellant.

Disclosed are: (a) controlled release matrix particles containing 10-70 wt. % of a hydrophobic active ingredient, 21-72 wt. % of a polysaccharide, 3.80-12 wt. % of a crosslinking agent, 1.00-6 wt. % of a catalyst and 0.10-5 wt. % of a silica flow aid; (b) controlled release core/shell particles containing 10-70 wt. % of a hydrophobic active ingredient, 1.0-3.2 wt. % of an epoxidized oil, 21-64 wt. % of a polysaccharide, 7.6-23% of an amine-functionality containing material, and 0.10-5 wt. % of a silica flow aid; and (c) hybrid particles wherein the core/shell particles are contained in a matrix. Also disclosed are methods for making the particles and compositions containing the particles.

An object is to provide a hydrofluoroolefin-based or hydrochlorofluoroolefin-based azeotropic or azeotropic-like composition. The azeotropic or azeotropic-like composition contains trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. In the azeotropic or azeotropic-like composition, 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene exists in an effective amount to form an azeotropic or azeotropic-like mixture with trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.

Disclosed is a thermoset, thermal insulating foams having desirable and unexpectedly low thermal conductivity, and to compositions, method and systems which use and/or are used to make such foams comprising: (a) providing thermosetting foam forming component and a blowing agent for forming predominantly closed cells in the foam, wherein the blowing agent comprises: (i) cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzzm(Z)) and cyclopentane, with the HFO-1336mzzm(Z) and cyclopentane in the blowing agent together comprising at least about 50% by weight of the total of all components in the blowing agent and (ii) the weight ratio of HFO-1336mzzm(Z) to cyclopentane in the blowing agent is from about 45:55 to less than 68:32 and (b) forming foam from said provided foamable composition.

Disclosed is a thermoset, thermal insulating foams having desirable and unexpectedly low thermal conductivity, and to compositions, method and systems which use and/or are used to make such foams comprising: (a) providing thermosetting foam forming component and a blowing agent for forming predominantly closed cells in the foam, wherein the blowing agent comprises: (i) cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzzm(Z)) and cyclopentane, with the HFO-1336mzzm(Z) and cyclopentane in the blowing agent together comprising at least about 50% by weight of the total of all components in the blowing agent and (ii) the weight ratio of HFO-1336mzzm(Z) to cyclopentane in the blowing agent is from about 45:55 to less than 68:32 and (b) forming foam from said provided foamable composition.

Disclosed is a mixture comprising the compound Z-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFOs, HFCs, HFEs, CFCs, CO.sub.2, olefins, organic acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and others such as methyl formate, formic acid, trans-1,2 dichloroethylene, carbon dioxide, cis-HFO-1234ze+HFO-1225yez; mixtures of these plus water; mixtures of these plus CO.sub.2; mixtures of these trans 1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE); mixtures of these plus methyl formate; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+CO.sub.2; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+HFO-1225yez+CO.sub.2; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+HFC-245fa; and azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed are methods of using the compositions as blowing agents, solvents, heat transfer compositions, aerosol propellant compositions, fire extinguishing and suppressant compositions.

Disclosed is a mixture comprising the compound Z-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFOs, HFCs, HFEs, CFCs, CO.sub.2, olefins, organic acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and others such as methyl formate, formic acid, trans-1,2 dichloroethylene, carbon dioxide, cis-HFO-1234ze+HFO-1225yez; mixtures of these plus water; mixtures of these plus CO.sub.2; mixtures of these trans 1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE); mixtures of these plus methyl formate; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+CO.sub.2; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+HFO-1225yez+CO.sub.2; mixtures with cis-HFO-1234ze+HFC-245fa; and azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed are methods of using the compositions as blowing agents, solvents, heat transfer compositions, aerosol propellant compositions, fire extinguishing and suppressant compositions.

Disclosed are compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, HCFC-244db and/or HFO-1234yf and at least one additional compound. For the composition comprising 1234yf, the additional compound is selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1243zf, HCFC-243db, HCFC-244db, HFC-245cb, HFC-245fa, HCFO-1233xf, HCFO-1233zd, HCFC-253fb, HCFC-234ab, HCFC-243fa, ethylene, HFC-23, CFC-13, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-236fa, HCO-1130, HCO-1130a, HFO-1336, HCFC-133a, HCFC-254fb, CHF═CHCl, HFO-1141, HCFO-1242zf, HCFO-1223xd, HCFC-233ab, HCFC-226ba, and HFC-227ca. Compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, and/or HCFC-244db are useful in processes to make HFO-1234yf. Compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are useful, among other uses, as heat transfer compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems.

Disclosed are compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, HCFC-244db and/or HFO-1234yf and at least one additional compound. For the composition comprising 1234yf, the additional compound is selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1243zf, HCFC-243db, HCFC-244db, HFC-245cb, HFC-245fa, HCFO-1233xf, HCFO-1233zd, HCFC-253fb, HCFC-234ab, HCFC-243fa, ethylene, HFC-23, CFC-13, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-236fa, HCO-1130, HCO-1130a, HFO-1336, HCFC-133a, HCFC-254fb, CHF═CHCl, HFO-1141, HCFO-1242zf, HCFO-1223xd, HCFC-233ab, HCFC-226ba, and HFC-227ca. Compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, and/or HCFC-244db are useful in processes to make HFO-1234yf. Compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are useful, among other uses, as heat transfer compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems.