Embodiments of compositions of a wet etchant and additive thereto for selectively etching silicon nitride to silicon oxide are disclosed. In an example, a composition of an additive to a phosphoric acid etchant includes an inhibitor and a dispersant. The inhibitor is absorbable on a surface of silicon oxide and capable of inhibiting etching of the surface of silicon oxide by the phosphoric acid etchant. The dispersant is capable of reacting with a by-product of a reaction between the phosphoric acid etchant and at least one of silicon oxide and silicon nitride and reducing a viscosity of the phosphoric acid etchant.

The present invention relates to an additive composition for controlling and inhibiting polymerization of monomers, wherein the composition comprises a combination of (a) a phenol compound comprising catechol compound with (b1) an aliphatic tertiary amine, (b2) oxide treated derivative of the aliphatic tertiary amine, or (b2) a mixture thereof, wherein the aliphatic tertiary amine contains one or more hydroxyl groups in the alkyl chain of the aliphatic tertiary amine. In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method for controlling and inhibiting polymerization of monomers by employing the additive composition of the present invention. In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to a method of using the additive composition of the present invention for controlling and inhibiting polymerization of monomers. In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to methods for controlling and inhibiting polymerization of monomers in a primary fractionator (or an ethylene plant), and for operating a primary fractionator, and for reducing fouling and polymer deposits in a primary fractionator, and to extend a run-length of a primary fractionator or of an ethylene plant.

The present invention stands directed at the use of nanoporous cerium oxide nanoparticle macro-structures as autoxidation inhibitors of organic compounds susceptible to autoxidation. The nanoporous cerium oxide nanoparticle macrostructures are more specifically employed in combination with a co-antioxidant.

The present invention stands directed at the use of nanoporous cerium oxide nanoparticle macro-structures as autoxidation inhibitors of organic compounds susceptible to autoxidation. The nanoporous cerium oxide nanoparticle macrostructures are more specifically employed in combination with a co-antioxidant.

A method for preparing a hybrid inorganic-organic nanostructured inhibitive pigment, includes premixing a first stock solution containing one or more cations and a second stock solution containing one or more oxoanions to form a premixture under pH control in the presence of polymers as surface modifiers. The premixture is then reacted to form a slurry. The slurry is then quenched to separate nanoparticles from the slurry, followed by surface functionalization in organic inhibitors.

A method for preparing a hybrid inorganic-organic nanostructured inhibitive pigment, includes premixing a first stock solution containing one or more cations and a second stock solution containing one or more oxoanions to form a premixture under pH control in the presence of polymers as surface modifiers. The premixture is then reacted to form a slurry. The slurry is then quenched to separate nanoparticles from the slurry, followed by surface functionalization in organic inhibitors.

Disclosed are refrigerants comprising at least about 97% by weight of a blend of three compounds, said blend consisting of:

from about 40% by weight to about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from about 6% by weight to about 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125),
from about 33% by weight to about 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I); and
from about 2% by weight to about 12% by weight of trans 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans HFO-1234ze), wherein the percentages are based on the total weight of the three compounds in the blend, and systems and method using same.

Disclosed are refrigerants comprising at least about 97% by weight of a blend of three compounds, said blend consisting of:

from about 40% by weight to about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from about 6% by weight to about 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125),
from about 33% by weight to about 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I); and
from about 2% by weight to about 12% by weight of trans 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans HFO-1234ze), wherein the percentages are based on the total weight of the three compounds in the blend, and systems and method using same.

A method for preparing a hybrid inorganic-organic nanostructured inhibitive pigment, includes premixing a first stock solution containing one or more cations and a second stock solution containing one or more oxoanions to form a premixture under pH control in the presence of polymers as surface modifiers. The premixture is then reacted to form a slurry. The slurry is then quenched to separate nanoparticles from the slurry, followed by surface functionalization in organic inhibitors.

A method for preparing a hybrid inorganic-organic nanostructured inhibitive pigment, includes premixing a first stock solution containing one or more cations and a second stock solution containing one or more oxoanions to form a premixture under pH control in the presence of polymers as surface modifiers. The premixture is then reacted to form a slurry. The slurry is then quenched to separate nanoparticles from the slurry, followed by surface functionalization in organic inhibitors.