A fluorinated imide salt compound of the present invention is a compound represented by General Formula (1). In General Formula (1), m represents 1 or 2, n represents an integer from 1 to 4, α represents 1 or 2, and X.sup.α+ represents an α-valent metal ion, a primary ammonium ion, a secondary ammonium ion, a tertiary ammonium ion, a quaternary ammonium ion, or NH.sub.4.sup.+.

##STR00001##

There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C.sub.12 to C.sub.24 fatty acid, at least one C.sub.6 to C.sub.18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to asphalt emulsifiers. An emulsifier has the structure R.sup.1—C(O)-A-(CH.sub.2).sub.n—N(R.sup.2) (R.sup.3), or a salt thereof wherein the —N(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3) nitrogen is quaternized as —N.sup.+(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3)(R.sup.4), or an N-oxide thereof wherein the —N(R.sup.2) (R.sup.3) nitrogen is oxidized as —N.sup.+(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3)(O.sup.−). The variable A is —NH— or —O—. The variable R.sup.1 is chosen from (C.sub.4-C.sub.22)alkyl, substituted (C.sub.4-C.sub.22)alkyl, (C.sub.4-C.sub.22)alkenyl, and substituted (C.sub.4-C.sub.22)alkenyl. The variables R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently chosen from (C.sub.1-C.sub.10)alkyl and substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.10)alkyl. The variable R.sup.4 is chosen from —H, (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl, and substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl. The variable n is 1 to 10. Various embodiments include methods of making the emulsifier such as from a fatty acid source and an amine starting material, emulsions including the emulsifier and methods of making the same, and methods of using the emulsion including contacting asphalt or bitumen with the emulsion.

Provided is a dispersant containing a copolymer that includes an aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit, a nitrile group-containing structural unit, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group-containing structural unit. The aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit includes an alkylene structural unit. The content of the aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit is 40 mass % or more and less than 85 mass % based on the mass of the copolymer, the content of the nitrile group-containing structural unit is 15 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less based on the mass of the copolymer, and the content of the substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group-containing structural unit is 10 mass % or less based on the mass of the copolymer. The weight-average molecular weight of the polymer is 5,000 or more and 400,000 or less.

Provided is a dispersant containing a copolymer that includes an aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit, a nitrile group-containing structural unit, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group-containing structural unit. The aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit includes an alkylene structural unit. The content of the aliphatic hydrocarbon structural unit is 40 mass % or more and less than 85 mass % based on the mass of the copolymer, the content of the nitrile group-containing structural unit is 15 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less based on the mass of the copolymer, and the content of the substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group-containing structural unit is 10 mass % or less based on the mass of the copolymer. The weight-average molecular weight of the polymer is 5,000 or more and 400,000 or less.

Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier has at least 5 repeating units. Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier includes at least 3 repeating units selected from allylamine, polyaminopolyamide, N-alkyl acrylamides, (meth)acrylic acid, alkyleneamine reacted with a dicarboxylic acid, alpha-olefin-alt-maleic anhydride, styrene maleic anhydride, alkylene oxide, wherein one or more amine or acid group on the repeating unit is amidized.

Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier has at least 5 repeating units. Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier includes at least 3 repeating units selected from allylamine, polyaminopolyamide, N-alkyl acrylamides, (meth)acrylic acid, alkyleneamine reacted with a dicarboxylic acid, alpha-olefin-alt-maleic anhydride, styrene maleic anhydride, alkylene oxide, wherein one or more amine or acid group on the repeating unit is amidized.

Amidoamine-based gemini surfactants having dual chains connected via an alkyl linker. Each chain contains a quaternary ammonium head group and an ethoxylated alkyl tail. Properties of the surfactant including thermal stability, critical micelle concentration, and foam stability are specified. A method of recovering oil from a reservoir using an aqueous composition that contains the surfactant and a polymer (e.g. AM-AMPS) is also provided. This method is particularly effective for oil recovery in reservoirs of high temperature and/or high salinity.

Disclosed are a variety of amphoteric compounds containing a quaternary nitrogen group, a covalently bound counterion, and an ester or amide group. These amphoteric compounds can be advantageously prepared via a chemoenzymatic green process, and exhibit good surfactant properties.

Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier has at least 5 repeating units. Wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase; a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase; and a polymeric amidoamine emulsifier stabilizing the non-oleaginous discontinuous phase in the oleaginous continuous phase, wherein the polymeric amidoamine emulsifier includes at least 3 repeating units selected from allylamine, polyaminopolyamide, N-alkyl acrylamides, (meth)acrylic acid, alkyleneamine reacted with a dicarboxylic acid, alpha-olefin-alt-maleic anhydride, styrene maleic anhydride, alkylene oxide, wherein one or more amine or acid group on the repeating unit is amidized.