Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid, the VES fluid comprising desulfated seawater. The method of producing the VES fluid comprises adding an alkaline earth metal halide to seawater to produce a sulfate precipitate. The method further comprises removing the sulfate precipitate to produce the desulfated water. The method further comprises adding a VES and one or more of a nanoparticle viscosity modifier or a polymeric modifier to the desulfated seawater. Other embodiments are directed to VES fluids that maintain a viscosity greater than 10 cP at temperatures above 250° F.

A steeply-inclined ultra-thick coal seam gas control method based on a binary composite liquid. The method includes taking a clean fracturing fluid system and a microemulsion as a binary composite liquid. The method includes injecting the binary composite liquid into a coal mass by means of a main hydraulic fracturing and permeability improvement method of hydraulic fracturing and water jet slotting to form a coal mass gas extraction system of binary composite liquid fracturing and permeability improvement. The method includes investigating and analyzing a gas control effect of the steeply-inclined ultra-thick coal seam according to change characteristics and analysis of gas extraction flow rate, change characteristics and analysis of permeability coefficient of coal seam, change characteristics and analysis of gas natural desorption speed of coal mass, change characteristics and analysis of gas concentration of return air flow of working face and theoretical analysis of drilling cuttings index.

An emulsifier with high temperature resistance, low viscosity and low corrosiveness, and an emulsified acid system comprising the same. The emulsifier includes a viscoelastic surfactant, which is prepared by a quaterization of fatty acid acyl propyl dimethylamine and a halogenated compound; by a quaterization of a long-chain halogenated hydrocarbon and a tertiary amine compound; or by a reaction of the fatty acid acyl propyl dimethylamine with a linking group synthesized by epichlorohydrin and an alkylamine compound.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid, the VES fluid comprising desulfated seawater. The method of producing the VES fluid comprises adding an alkaline earth metal halide to seawater to produce a sulfate precipitate. The method further comprises removing the sulfate precipitate to produce the desulfated water. The method further comprises adding a VES and one or more of a nanoparticle viscosity modifier or a polymeric modifier to the desulfated seawater. Other embodiments are directed to VES fluids that maintain a viscosity greater than 10 cP at temperatures above 250° F.

A variety of systems, methods and compositions are disclosed, including, in one method, a method may comprise providing a proppant-free fracturing fluid; providing a proppant composition, wherein the proppant composition comprises proppant particulates and degradable thermoplastic particulates; introducing the proppant-free fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation at an injection rate above a fracture gradient to create or enhance at least one fracture in the subterranean formation; introducing the proppant composition into the at least one fracture; and allowing the proppant composition to form a proppant pack in the fracture, wherein the degradable thermoplastic particulates are degradable to generate voids in the proppant pack.

A method and reactive treatment fluid for treating a wellbore for filter cake removal, including providing the reactive treatment fluid having a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) into a wellbore in a subterranean formation and attacking the filter cake via the reactive treatment fluid.

A method and hydraulic fracturing fluid that is a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid having a surfactant and an inorganic oxidizer salt for hydraulic fracturing of a geological formation. The VES fracturing fluid is provided through a wellbore into the geological formation to hydraulically fracture the geological formation to form hydraulic fractures in the geological formation. The method includes oxidizing organic material in the hydraulic fractures with the VES fracturing fluid.

Fluids produced from a fractured subterranean formation may be monitored by pumping into the well a fracturing fluid which contains a tracer. The method may be used to monitor produced hydrocarbons as well as produced water. The tracer may also be used in a sand control, frac pack or acid fracturing operation. The tracer is a component of a composite where it may be immobilized within a matrix (such as an emulsion) or porous particulate, onto a support or compressed with a binder into a solid particulate. The tracer may be slowly released from the composite.

Methods and systems for enhancing acid fracture conductivity of acid fracture treatments on subterranean formations are provided. An example method of acid fracture treatment includes initiating fracturing of a subterranean formation in which a wellbore is formed to create a formation fracture, after initiating the fracturing for a period of time, injecting an acidic fluid into the wellbore to etch walls of the formation fracture to thereby create fracture conductivity, introducing a gas into the wellbore to foam fluids in the wellbore, and increasing a foam quality of the fluids with time during the treatment. The foam quality is based on a volume of the introduced gas and a total volume of the fluids in the wellbore.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of producing a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid, the VES fluid comprising desulfated seawater. The method of producing the VES fluid comprises adding an alkaline earth metal halide to seawater to produce a sulfate precipitate. The method further comprises removing the sulfate precipitate to produce the desulfated water. The method further comprises adding a VES and one or more of a nanoparticle viscosity modifier or a polymeric modifier to the desulfated seawater. Other embodiments are directed to VES fluids that maintain a viscosity greater than 10 cP at temperatures above 250° F.