A liquid crystal display at least including: a pair of substrates constituted by one substrate and another substrate, an electrode and an alignment film formed in this order on each of the pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal layer held between the alignment films, wherein the alignment films include a polymer, and the electrode formed on the one substrate has a multilayered structure in which an aluminum film and a transparent electroconductive film are stacked in this order from the one substrate.

The present disclosure provides for new photoalignment (co)polymer materials which demonstrate improved adhesion to a substrate. The (co)polymeric structure includes at least one photochemically active chromophore and at least one adhesion promoter group. Articles of manufacture, optical elements, ophthalmic elements and liquid crystal cells which include at least one photoalignment layer made from the photoalignment (co)polymer materials and methods for formation are also disclosed.

A composition contains a first polyamic acid and a second polyamic acid. The first polyamic acid has at least one of a photoreactive functional group and a vertical alignment group. The second polyamic acid has a repeat unit that has a pendant alkoxysilyl group.

Provided is a liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal composition disposed between said first substrate and said second substrate, wherein a surface of said first substrate in contact with said liquid crystal composition is provided with an alignment layer, while said second substrate has no alignment layer; and said liquid crystal composition comprises a liquid crystal compound, a self-aligning agent, and a polymerizable compound represented by Formula I,

##STR00001##

A liquid crystal photoalignment agent includes: a copolymer of diamine and dianhydride; and a compound Formula 1 below, wherein an amount of the compound of Formula 1 is less than about 10 weight %, based on a total weight of the liquid crystal photoalignment agent:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted tetravalent organic group derived from an acid dianhydride, wherein the acid dianhydride is at least one of an aliphatic cyclic acid dianhydride or an aromatic acid dianhydride, R.sub.2 is a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent organic group derived from an aromatic diamine, at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is substituted with CF.sub.3 or a silyl group, R.sub.3 is a residue of a compound including a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group with a carbon number that is equal to or greater than 6, n is 1 to 5, and * represents a point of attachment.

Various layer separation states are generated by the combination of a polyamide acid ester and a polyamide acid and a long residual image characteristic cannot be further improved merely by combining them. A liquid crystal display device comprises a substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and an orientation film placed between the substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The orientation film comprises a polyimide precursor having two or more components. In the polyimide precursor, an octanol-water partition coefficient is defined as log P and the difference in log P ( log P) between the two components having most distant log Ps is set so as to fall within a prescribed range.

An alignment film material and a preparation method thereof, an alignment film, a display substrate and a preparation method thereof, and a liquid crystal display device are provided. The alignment film material comprises: a base material for forming an alignment film matrix through a photoalignment; and a photo-thermal conversion material for generating heat under an ultraviolet light irradiation.

A liquid crystal display including a first substrate; a second substrate on the first substrate; a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; a first alignment layer between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer and including a first polymer; a second alignment layer between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer and including a second polymer; and protrusions between the first alignment layer and the liquid crystal layer, wherein at least one of the protrusions includes an alignment polymer polymerized with a reactive mesogen, the first polymer includes a first main chain and a plurality of first side chains connected to the first main chain, and at least one of the plurality of first side chains includes a photoreactive group and a photoreactive derivative, and wherein the photoreactive group has an absorbance that is greater than that of the reactive mesogen.

There are provided a phase difference control component, which can realize a liquid crystal display device having a wide angle of visibility, has excellent phase difference symmetry and can realize optical compensation, and a process for producing the same. The phase difference control component comprises a base material; and a phase difference control layer formed of a fixed liquid crystal material provided on the base material through an aligning film and is characterized in that the angle of liquid crystal molecules, present at the interface of the aligning film and the phase difference control layer, to the base material being substantially 0 (zero) degree.

A liquid crystal aligning agent which contains a polymer (A) and a polymer (B). Polymer (A): A polymer which has at least one structural unit U1 selected from the group consisting of structural units represented by formula (1) and structural units represented by formula (2), and a structural unit U2 derived from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene monomers and (meth)acrylic monomers. Polymer (B): At least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polyamic acids, polyamic acid esters and polyimides. In the formulae, R.sup.7 represents a monovalent organic group having one or more carbon atoms; R.sup.8 represents a monovalent organic group having one or more carbon atoms; and R.sup.9 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group having one or more carbon atoms.