A method for producing graphene includes: a pretreatment process of drying and pulverizing a vegetable material to obtain a carbon source; a carbonization process of carbonizing the carbon source to obtain a carbide; and a purification process of removing an impurity containing silica from the carbide obtained in the carbonization process, wherein the carbonization process including a heating process of supplying an inert gas into a chamber and heating the carbon source in the chamber in a plasma atmosphere.

A method of estimating a surface tension of coal inert material includes determining in advance a first relational expression representing a relationship between a surface tension of coal inert material and a physical property value representing a coal rank; and measuring the physical property value representing the coal rank of a coal for which the surface tension of coal inert material is to be estimated, and calculating the surface tension of the coal inert material by using the measured physical property value representing the coal rank and the first relational expression.

A method of estimating a surface tension of coal inert material includes determining in advance a first relational expression representing a relationship between a surface tension of coal inert material and a physical property value representing a coal rank; and measuring the physical property value representing the coal rank of a coal for which the surface tension of coal inert material is to be estimated, and calculating the surface tension of the coal inert material by using the measured physical property value representing the coal rank and the first relational expression.

Processes for the production of coke, and one or more volatile products comprise the steps of: (i) providing a purified coal product (PCP), wherein the PCP is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% v of the particles are no greater than about 100 μm in diameter; wherein the PCP has an ash content of less than about 10% m and a water content of less than around 5% m; (ii) combining the PCP with a liquid residue oil to create a combined solid-liquid blend, wherein the solid-liquid blend comprises at least around 0.1% m and at most around 30% m PCP; (iii) subjecting the solid-liquid blend to a temperature in excess of 375° C. for a time period sufficient to induce cracking of at least 1% of the PCP particles to generate the one or more volatile products, and (iv) producing coke from the product of step (iii).

Processes for the production of coke, and one or more volatile products comprise the steps of: (i) providing a purified coal product (PCP), wherein the PCP is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% v of the particles are no greater than about 100 μm in diameter; wherein the PCP has an ash content of less than about 10% m and a water content of less than around 5% m; (ii) combining the PCP with a liquid residue oil to create a combined solid-liquid blend, wherein the solid-liquid blend comprises at least around 0.1% m and at most around 30% m PCP; (iii) subjecting the solid-liquid blend to a temperature in excess of 375° C. for a time period sufficient to induce cracking of at least 1% of the PCP particles to generate the one or more volatile products, and (iv) producing coke from the product of step (iii).

An optimization method for a directional preparation technique and efficient use of semi-coke for blast furnace injection. Firstly, the volatile and the ash content of target semi-coke are preset, and then the volatile and the ash removal percentages of a raw coal are calculated; after ash removal, several sets of dry distillation carbonization temperatures and carbonization times are obtained according to the volatile removal percentage, and the relationships between a combustion rate, abrasiveness, explosiveness and jet flow property and the carbonization temperature are respectively established to obtain the optimal actual carbonization temperature; and semi-coke for blast furnace injection is obtained at an actual carbonization temperature. The directional preparation is suitable for the semi-coke for blast furnace injection, and an optimal coal-compounding scheme is obtained, thus achieving the efficient and safe injection of blast furnace iron-making fuels, and energy conservation and emission reduction.

A two-step process that includes a pyrolytic first step carried out in a mechanically or gravitationally impelled reactor and a catalytic fluid bed second step that upgrades the resulting vapor, for the conversion of waste plastics, polymers, and other waste materials to useful chemical and fuel products such as paraffins, olefins, and aromatics such as BTX is described.

A two-step process that includes a pyrolytic first step carried out in a mechanically or gravitationally impelled reactor and a catalytic fluid bed second step that upgrades the resulting vapor, for the conversion of waste plastics, polymers, and other waste materials to useful chemical and fuel products such as paraffins, olefins, and aromatics such as BTX is described.

A method is disclosed, for producing coke in which at least a first and second source of carbonaceous materials are introduced as feedstock into a mixer. The materials are mixed into a single feedstock, and the single feedstock is analyzed to determine its coking feasibility. The single feedstock is pyrolyzed in a pyrolyzer to produce at least a coke material and a gaseous by-product. At least a portion of the gaseous by-product is used outside of the pyrolyzer. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

A method is disclosed, for producing coke in which at least a first and second source of carbonaceous materials are introduced as feedstock into a mixer. The materials are mixed into a single feedstock, and the single feedstock is analyzed to determine its coking feasibility. The single feedstock is pyrolyzed in a pyrolyzer to produce at least a coke material and a gaseous by-product. At least a portion of the gaseous by-product is used outside of the pyrolyzer. Other embodiments are also disclosed.