A device for processing scrap rubber has a reactor with a screw conveyor disposed inside a heating chamber, a thermal decomposition unit, burners, a condenser, a cyclone filter, and devices for discharging solid residue and removing a gas-vapor mixture. The reactor has two sections connected in parallel. The thermal decomposition unit has screw conveyors in each section, the conveyors have axial heating pipes with a coil. Along the length of the conveyors plates are arranged at the corners of an equilateral triangle in contact with and perpendicular to the side surface of the heating tube. A cylinder furnace with an evaporator and a burner is connected to the ends of the pipes. An outlet of the condenser is connected to a liquid fraction separator, inlets of the coils are connected to an outlet of the evaporator, and an inlet of the evaporator is connected to an outlet from the separator.

A compact, transportable batch-process supertorrefaction system includes at least one supertorrefying unit, a liquid tank containing molten salt, and a wash tank including a plurality of basins containing water having different temperatures and different salinity. The liquid tank and the wash tank sequentially supply the molten salt and the water to a receiving space of the at least one supertorrefying unit to supertorrefy the biomass into charcoal and to rinse and cool the charcoal, respectively. The plurality of basins of the wash tank sequentially supply water having different temperatures and salinity to the same receiving space to gradually rinse and cool the charcoal. The biomass is not moved in the at least one supertorrfeying unit during biomass supertorrefaction. The charcoal is not moved during charcoal cooling.

A compact, transportable batch-process supertorrefaction system includes at least one supertorrefying unit, a liquid tank containing molten salt, and a wash tank including a plurality of basins containing water having different temperatures and different salinity. The liquid tank and the wash tank sequentially supply the molten salt and the water to a receiving space of the at least one supertorrefying unit to supertorrefy the biomass into charcoal and to rinse and cool the charcoal, respectively. The plurality of basins of the wash tank sequentially supply water having different temperatures and salinity to the same receiving space to gradually rinse and cool the charcoal. The biomass is not moved in the at least one supertorrfeying unit during biomass supertorrefaction. The charcoal is not moved during charcoal cooling.

A reactor is described which is useful for the generation of hydrocarbon products by thermochemical treatment. The reactor comprises a feeding means for the addition of feedstock material to the reactor; an outlet for the extraction of hydrocarbon products from the reactor; a devolatilization zone; and a cracking zone; wherein the devolatilization zone comprises a first gas distribution base plate for the generation of a fluidised bed of material in the devolatilization zone, the cracking zone comprises a second gas distribution base plate for the generation of a fluidised bed of material in the cracking zone, and the devolatilization zone is in fluid communication with the cracking zone through a plurality of apertures within the second gas distribution base plate permitting the passage of gas from the devolatilization zone into the cracking zone. Processes of producing hydrocarbon products by thermochemical treatment are also described. The hydrocarbon products may be useful as drop-in fuel products and/or chemical feedstock.

A waste wood sleeper pyrolysis apparatus of a hybrid heating type includes a plurality of reactor containers arranged side by side, each having a space in which a waste wood sleeper is placed, a movement rail arranged parallel to an end of one side and an end of the other side of each of the plurality of reactor containers, and a microwave applicator coupled to the movement rail and including a plurality of microwave generators that move to upper portions of the plurality of reactor containers to transmit microwaves into the plurality of reactor containers.

A waste wood sleeper pyrolysis apparatus of a hybrid heating type includes a plurality of reactor containers arranged side by side, each having a space in which a waste wood sleeper is placed, a movement rail arranged parallel to an end of one side and an end of the other side of each of the plurality of reactor containers, and a microwave applicator coupled to the movement rail and including a plurality of microwave generators that move to upper portions of the plurality of reactor containers to transmit microwaves into the plurality of reactor containers.

Multifunctional catalysts are used to prepare modified bio-oils with improved characteristics. Bio-oil vapor phase, e.g., produced by pyrolysis of biomass, is contacted with a multifunctional catalyst. The multifunctional catalyst catalyzes a plurality of distinct reactions of the bio-oil vapor phase to produce a modified bio-oil.

Multifunctional catalysts are used to prepare modified bio-oils with improved characteristics. Bio-oil vapor phase, e.g., produced by pyrolysis of biomass, is contacted with a multifunctional catalyst. The multifunctional catalyst catalyzes a plurality of distinct reactions of the bio-oil vapor phase to produce a modified bio-oil.

This disclosure describes systems and methods for using pyrolysis tail gas as the source for additional hydrogen to be used in the pyrolysis reaction. Tail gas is separated from the pyrolysis products and a portion of the tail gas is converted into formic acid (HCOOH). The formic acid is then injected into the pyrolysis reactor where it becomes the donor of two monohydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted into CO.sub.2 under reaction conditions. In this fashion, a closed loop pyrolysis hydrogen donor system may be created utilizing a generally non-toxic intermediary derived from the pyrolysis reaction products. This disclosure also describes using a ruthenium catalyst supported on particles of activated carbon to improve the yield of pyrolysis reactions.

This disclosure describes systems and methods for using pyrolysis tail gas as the source for additional hydrogen to be used in the pyrolysis reaction. Tail gas is separated from the pyrolysis products and a portion of the tail gas is converted into formic acid (HCOOH). The formic acid is then injected into the pyrolysis reactor where it becomes the donor of two monohydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted into CO.sub.2 under reaction conditions. In this fashion, a closed loop pyrolysis hydrogen donor system may be created utilizing a generally non-toxic intermediary derived from the pyrolysis reaction products. This disclosure also describes using a ruthenium catalyst supported on particles of activated carbon to improve the yield of pyrolysis reactions.