A system and method for torrefying a combination of biomass and biochar colloidal dispersion is provided.

The process is for thermally treating a feed material. The process comprises at least one step performed in a rotating kiln operating under positive pressure with a pressure control system and wherein in the process a sweep gas, that is an inert gas or a substantially non-reactive gas, is injected into the rotating kiln or in the feed stream entering the rotating operating kiln; or at least one step performed in a rotating kiln operating under positive pressure managing system; or at least one step performed in a rotating kiln wherein a sweep gas is injected in the rotating kiln or in the feed stream entering the rotating operating kiln. In step a), or in b) or in step c), the conditions of the thermal treatment are managed in order that the exit stream, after cooling, result in at least one liquid phase that is preferably essentially an oily liquid phase.

The process is for thermally treating a feed material. The process comprises at least one step performed in a rotating kiln operating under positive pressure with a pressure control system and wherein in the process a sweep gas, that is an inert gas or a substantially non-reactive gas, is injected into the rotating kiln or in the feed stream entering the rotating operating kiln; or at least one step performed in a rotating kiln operating under positive pressure managing system; or at least one step performed in a rotating kiln wherein a sweep gas is injected in the rotating kiln or in the feed stream entering the rotating operating kiln. In step a), or in b) or in step c), the conditions of the thermal treatment are managed in order that the exit stream, after cooling, result in at least one liquid phase that is preferably essentially an oily liquid phase.

A method of reducing settling of residual comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material during processing can comprise forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure which defines a substantially encapsulated volume; introducing a composite comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body, said composite hydrocarbonaceous material comprising a comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material and a structural material; and heating the permeable body sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom such that the hydrocarbonaceous material is substantially stationary during heating, exclusive of subsidence and settling. The structural material can provide structural integrity to the permeable body sufficient to maintain convective flow of fluids throughout the permeable body during heating.

A method of reducing settling of residual comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material during processing can comprise forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure which defines a substantially encapsulated volume; introducing a composite comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body, said composite hydrocarbonaceous material comprising a comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material and a structural material; and heating the permeable body sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom such that the hydrocarbonaceous material is substantially stationary during heating, exclusive of subsidence and settling. The structural material can provide structural integrity to the permeable body sufficient to maintain convective flow of fluids throughout the permeable body during heating.

A configurable universal wellbore reactor system designed for localized heat, pressure, and reaction control, to facilitate desired reactor conditions to transform feedstocks to recoverable products via diluent- based processes and/or reactions. The present system provides for a universal wellbore reactor for the diluent transformation of a diverse range of feedstocks, such as hydrocarbon waste, municipal waste, industrial waste, and/or mineral rich resources to recoverable product(s). Heat and temperature within the wellbore reactor are controlled by configuring various reactor components to govern the direction and magnitude of internal and external heat transfer within. Together with skin frequency heat transfer of ferromagnetic reactor piping at predetermined locations, the required temperature(s) and pressure(s) for the desired targeted reactions and/ or transformation reactions are achieved. The universal wellbore reactor system comprises one or more wellbore reactors with configurable features to improve reactor dynamics, reaction mechanisms and/or quality of the recoverable product, to facilitate a wide range of transformation reactions ranging from near ambient, to beyond the critical point of the diluent.

A two-step process that includes a pyrolytic first step carried out in a mechanically or gravitationally impelled reactor and a catalytic fluid bed second step that upgrades the resulting vapor, for the conversion of waste plastics, polymers, and other waste materials to useful chemical and fuel products such as paraffins, olefins, and aromatics such as BTX is described.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon feed which includes introducing vaporizing a hydrocarbon feed and a heat generating material (HGM) stream comprising at least one aldehyde or ketone to a cracking reactor. The hydrocarbon feed and the HGM stream are vaporized and may be vaporized prior or subsequent to introduction to the cracking reactor. The addition of the HGM to the endothermic cracking process provides the heat needed for cracking and helps the overall process to achieve thermal neutrality. The method includes cracking the hydrocarbon feed to produce a cracking product, where the cracking product comprises C.sub.1-C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons.

A system for continuously treating recycled polymeric material includes a hopper configured to feed the recycled polymeric material into the system. An extruder can turn the recycled polymeric material in a molten material. In some embodiments, the extruder uses thermal fluids, electric heaters, and/or a separate heater. The molten material is depolymerized in a reactor. In some embodiments, a catalyst is used to aid in depolymerizing the material. In certain embodiments, the catalyst is contained in a permeable container. The depolymerized molten material can then be cooled via a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, multiple reactors are used. In certain embodiments, these reactors are connected in series. In some embodiments, the reactor(s) contain removable static mixer(s) and/or removable annular inserts.

The present disclosure generally relates to upgrading difficult to process heavy-oil. In particular, the disclosure relates to upgrading heavy oil and other high carbon content materials by using an integrated thermal-process (ITP) that utilizes anti-coking management and toluene insoluble organic residues (TIOR) management to directly incorporate lighter hydrocarbons into high molecular weight, low hydrogen content hydrocarbons such as thermally processed heavy oil products. This process can be integrated with other thermal processing schemes, such as cokers and visbreakers, to improve the conversion and yields from these integrated processes.