A process for liquid-liquid extraction of an oil-blend of non-uniform oligomeric and polymeric components comprising: (a) preselecting a desired molecular weight (Mw) boundary between heavy and light components; (b) selecting an extractive solvent or an extractive mixture of solvents, which form essentially a single phase with the light components; (c) mixing the oil-blend and the extractive solvent or extractive mixture of solvents selected in step (b) at elevated temperature, which is at least at or above said fractionation temperature, and wherein the extractive solvent/mixture of solvents to oil-blend ratio is from 1:2 to 100:1; (d) allowing a phase split to form between the heavy components fraction and the light components/extractive solvent fraction at the fractionation temperature or at most 10° C. below the fractionation temperature; (e) followed by separation of said fractions.

A combined hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) system and process are described that convert various biomass-containing sources into separable bio-oils and aqueous effluents that contain residual organics. Bio-oils may be converted to useful bio-based fuels and other chemical feedstocks. Residual organics in HTL aqueous effluents may be gasified and converted into medium-BTU product gases and directly used for process heating or to provide energy.

A combined hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) system and process are described that convert various biomass-containing sources into separable bio-oils and aqueous effluents that contain residual organics. Bio-oils may be converted to useful bio-based fuels and other chemical feedstocks. Residual organics in HTL aqueous effluents may be gasified and converted into medium-BTU product gases and directly used for process heating or to provide energy.

A method may include: hydropyrolyzing a bio feedstock in a hydropyrolysis unit to produce at least a hydropyrolysis oil; introducing at least a portion of the hydropyrolysis oil with a hydrocarbon co-feed into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit; and cracking the hydropyrolysis oil in the fluidized catalytic cracking unit to produce at least fuel range hydrocarbons.

A method may include: hydropyrolyzing a bio feedstock in a hydropyrolysis unit to produce at least a hydropyrolysis oil; introducing at least a portion of the hydropyrolysis oil with a hydrocarbon co-feed into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit; and cracking the hydropyrolysis oil in the fluidized catalytic cracking unit to produce at least fuel range hydrocarbons.

The invention relates to methods for converting algal biomass into a gas or into biocrude comprising (a) gasification or hydrothermal liquefaction of an algal biomass in at least one first reactor, (b) separation of the gas or biocrude produced thereby from the aqueous effluents and the CO.sub.2 produced, at the outlet of the first reactor, (c) recovery of the aqueous effluents, and (d) oxidation of the aqueous effluents in at least one second reactor. Continuous processes for culture of algal biomass and conversion of the algal biomass cultivated into a gas or into a biocrude are also disclosed.

The invention relates to methods for converting algal biomass into a gas or into biocrude comprising (a) gasification or hydrothermal liquefaction of an algal biomass in at least one first reactor, (b) separation of the gas or biocrude produced thereby from the aqueous effluents and the CO.sub.2 produced, at the outlet of the first reactor, (c) recovery of the aqueous effluents, and (d) oxidation of the aqueous effluents in at least one second reactor. Continuous processes for culture of algal biomass and conversion of the algal biomass cultivated into a gas or into a biocrude are also disclosed.

Applying electromagnetic energy to a hydrocarbon feed in the presence of at least one of a solvent, a catalyst, an electromagnetic receptor or a hydrogenation agent may result in depolymerization and compositional modification of the hydrocarbon feedstock into at least one of smaller hydrocarbon product fractions or viscosity modification.

A method of upcycling polymers to useful hydrocarbon materials. A catalyst with nanoparticles on a substrate selectively docks and cleaves longer hydrocarbon chains over shorter hydrocarbon chains. The nanoparticles exhibit an edge to facet ratio to provide for more interactions with the facets.

Processing of a reaction product mixture containing at least one volatile organic compound as well as lignin, lignin derived compounds, and/or unextracted cellulose and hemicellulose using a recovery system comprising at least two flashers or at least one flasher and at least two reboilers. In a particular embodiment, the reaction product mixture comes from reactions involving deconstruction (or digestion) of biomass, particularly cellulosic biomass which contains various polysaccharides (e.g., carbohydrates) and lignin.