The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from a feedstock comprising at least one of a solid biomass-containing feedstock and a solid biomass-derived feedstock and in the range of from 50 to 15000 ppmw of chlorides, said process comprising the steps of: a) incorporating a chloride trap material into said feedstock to provide a combined feedstock/chloride trap material; b) densifying the combined feedstock/chloride trap material to form densified feed in the form of pellets or briquettes; c) contacting said densified feed with a hydropyrolysis catalyst composition and molecular hydrogen in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel at a temperature in the range of from 350 to 600 C. and a pressure in the range of from 0.50 to 7.50 MPa to produce a product stream comprising a deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H.sub.2O, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, C.sub.1C.sub.3 gases, char and catalyst fines; and d) removing all or a portion of said char and catalyst fines from said product stream.

A process for depolymerization of lignin, the process including using at least one catalyst internal to a pulp mill for performing catalytic treatment and separation of biomass components into cellulose and lignin rich material is provided.

Biomass is converted into a bio-oil containing stream in a riser reactor having multiple ports for the entry of fresh catalyst. Hard coke formed during pyrolysis may be separated from the riser effluent fraction containing which contains spent catalyst, soft coke and char. The separated hard coke may then be fed back into the riser reactor. The riser reactor may further have a cooling media which quenches the rapid heat transfer to the biomass during pyrolysis of the biomass in the mixing zone of the riser.

Biomass is converted into a bio-oil containing stream in a riser reactor having multiple ports for the entry of fresh catalyst. Hard coke formed during pyrolysis may be separated from the riser effluent fraction containing which contains spent catalyst, soft coke and char. The separated hard coke may then be fed back into the riser reactor. The riser reactor may further have a cooling media which quenches the rapid heat transfer to the biomass during pyrolysis of the biomass in the mixing zone of the riser.

A method or catalytic compressed air conversion of hydrocarbonaceous substances to oil has the steps of: providing a hydrocarbonaceous substance and a catalyst oil in a mixing turbine, mixing the catalyst oil with the hydrocarbonaceous substance to give a mixture, where the step of mixing comprises producing heat for a catalytic oxidation in the mixing turbine, providing the distillation device downstream of the mixing turbine, removing liquid constituents of the mixture into the distillation device, distilling the liquid constituents, and collecting oil and water, and is characterized in that the step of mixing comprises introducing oxygen into the mixing turbine. An apparatus with which this method can be employed has a mixing turbine comprising a first feed for a catalyst oil and a hydrocarbonaceous substance and an outlet for liquid constituents after a catalytic oxidation. In addition, such an apparatus comprises a distillation device for distilling the liquid constituents led out of the mixing turbine and a collecting device for collecting oil and water separated out from the distillation device, wherein the mixing turbine has a second feed for oxygen.

A method or catalytic compressed air conversion of hydrocarbonaceous substances to oil has the steps of: providing a hydrocarbonaceous substance and a catalyst oil in a mixing turbine, mixing the catalyst oil with the hydrocarbonaceous substance to give a mixture, where the step of mixing comprises producing heat for a catalytic oxidation in the mixing turbine, providing the distillation device downstream of the mixing turbine, removing liquid constituents of the mixture into the distillation device, distilling the liquid constituents, and collecting oil and water, and is characterized in that the step of mixing comprises introducing oxygen into the mixing turbine. An apparatus with which this method can be employed has a mixing turbine comprising a first feed for a catalyst oil and a hydrocarbonaceous substance and an outlet for liquid constituents after a catalytic oxidation. In addition, such an apparatus comprises a distillation device for distilling the liquid constituents led out of the mixing turbine and a collecting device for collecting oil and water separated out from the distillation device, wherein the mixing turbine has a second feed for oxygen.

The invention relates to a reaction container for stabilizing the temperature of a liquid mixture substances, the reaction container comprising an upper container part and a lower container part, in which the lower container part has an inner direct means of refrigeration and an outer indirect means of refrigeration in addition to an inner, direct means of heating and an outer, indirect means of heating.

Method of producing hydrocarbon fuels from polyolefin waste materials, wherein: polyolefin waste materials are subjected to continuous depolymerisation in a tower flow reactor with a movable packing, which comprises a heating system for heating the lower half of the reaction chamber, where products of depolymerisation are collected in a gaseous state through an outlet in the upper half of the reaction chamber; and the obtained products of depolymerisation are subjected to catalytic hydrogenation and isomerization in an atmosphere of synthesis gas, under atmospheric pressure, to obtain a mixture of hydrocarbon fuels; characterised in that: polyolefin waste materials are mixed with heated elements constituting the packing of the reactor until the surface of the packing elements is coated with a thin layer of plasticised material, wherein in the depolymerisation process that obtained mixture is fed as a stream into the reaction chamber from the top of the chamber, whereas a synthesis gas is fed in a counter current from the bottom, the gas comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H.sub.2) with the molar ratio CO:H.sub.2 being from 0.25 to 1.5: from 0.5 to 3.

Lignin is electro-oxidized to commercially useful products using a binary transition metal catalyst. In particular, the transition metal catalyst includes nickel or cobalt as a first metal and any other transition metal as a second metal. The binary catalyst system prevents poisoning of the catalyst, extending the useful life of the catalyst.

A process is described for producing BTX and alcohols from biomass, by a) catalytic pyrolysis of the biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor producing a gaseous pyrolysis effluent; b) separation of said gaseous pyrolysis effluent into at least one BTX fraction and a gaseous effluent containing at least carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, c) sending all of the gaseous effluent from separation b) into fermentation producing a liquid fermentation stream containing at least one stream containing at least one oxygenated compound chosen from alcohols, diols, acid alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters, d) separating the fermentation stream obtained on conclusion of c) into at least the stream containing at least one oxygenated compound, an aqueous fraction, and an unreacted gaseous effluent, e) recycling at least part of unreacted gaseous effluent into the catalytic pyrolysis a).