A process for reducing pressure of a vapor stream used for reducing a temperature or pressure in a reactor. A pressure of a vapor stream is reduced with a turbine to provide a lower pressure vapor stream. The vapor stream rotates a turbine wheel within the turbine. The turbine wheel is configured to transmit rotational movement to an electrical generator. Thus, electricity is generated with the turbine. The lower pressure vapor stream is injected into a reactor and reduces a temperature in the reactor or reduces a partial pressure of a hydrocarbon vapor in the reactor.

Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for hydrotreating hydrocarbons are provided. An exemplary method includes hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed comprising heating a hydrotreating zone effluent to produce a heated hydrotreating zone effluent. An indirect heat exchange takes place between the heated hydrotreating zone effluent and hydrocarbon feed to provide a heated hydrocarbon feed.

Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for hydrotreating hydrocarbons are provided. An exemplary method includes hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed comprising heating a hydrotreating zone effluent to produce a heated hydrotreating zone effluent. An indirect heat exchange takes place between the heated hydrotreating zone effluent and hydrocarbon feed to provide a heated hydrocarbon feed.

A method of producing a regenerated hydrotreating catalyst, including a first step of preparing a hydrotreating catalyst that has been used for hydrotreatment of a petroleum fraction and has a metal element selected from Group 6 elements of the periodic table; a second step of performing regeneration treatment for part of the catalyst prepared in the first step, then performing X-ray absorption fine structure analysis for the catalyst after the regeneration treatment, and obtaining regeneration treatment conditions in which a ratio IS/IO of a peak intensity IS of a peak attributed to a bond between the metal element and a sulfur atom to a peak intensity IO of a peak attributed to a bond between the metal element and an oxygen atom is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 in a radial distribution curve obtained from an extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum.

The present invention provides a metal cavity inwall decoking method, comprising: a. Process sealed compression to the metal cavity; b. Process rapid decompression to the metal cavity.

The present invention makes such substance as hydrocarbon volatiles, moisture and so on inside the coke gasify quickly because of fierce change of pressure differential by compressing and then decompressing the metal cavity rapidly, which makes the coke crush and fall off from the inwall of metal cavity and finally finish the decoking work. The decoking method claimed in the present invention is simply and convenient to operate, and can greatly increase the decoking efficiency.

The invention relates to pyrolysis tar upgrading processes, and in particular for decreasing reactor pressure drop when the upgrading includes converting pyrolysis tar in a reactor. The invention also relates to upgraded pyrolysis tar, and the use of upgraded pyrolysis tar, e.g., as a fuel oil blending component.

The invention relates to pyrolysis tar upgrading processes, and in particular for decreasing reactor pressure drop when the upgrading includes converting pyrolysis tar in a reactor. The invention also relates to upgraded pyrolysis tar, and the use of upgraded pyrolysis tar, e.g., as a fuel oil blending component.

Provided is a system including a planning section that generates a production plan for a production site, using a planning model; a simulating section that simulates operation of at least a portion of the production site, based on a simulation model of the at least a portion of the production site; a monitoring section that monitors actual operation of the at least a portion of the production site; a calibrating section that calibrates the simulation model, based on a difference between the simulated operation and the actual operation; and a control section that controls the at least a portion of the production site, based on a simulation result obtained by simulating the operation of the at least a portion of the production site in accordance with the production plan, using the simulation model that has been calibrated.

Provided is a system including a planning section that generates a production plan for a production site, using a planning model; a simulating section that simulates operation of at least a portion of the production site, based on a simulation model of the at least a portion of the production site; a monitoring section that monitors actual operation of the at least a portion of the production site; a calibrating section that calibrates the simulation model, based on a difference between the simulated operation and the actual operation; and a control section that controls the at least a portion of the production site, based on a simulation result obtained by simulating the operation of the at least a portion of the production site in accordance with the production plan, using the simulation model that has been calibrated.

When operating a production site, it is preferable to maintain accurate models continuously. Provided is a system including a simulating section that simulates operation of at least a portion of a production site, based on a simulation model of the at least a portion of the production site; a monitoring section that monitors actual operation of the at least a portion of the production site; a calibrating section that calibrates the simulation model, based on a difference between the simulated operation and the actual operation; and an updating section that updates a planning model used to generate a production plan for the production site, according to the calibration of the simulation model.