Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

A temperature-controlling measure for a hydrogenation slurry bed reactor has three control points that are set from low to high: cold hydrogen is injected automatically when the system reaches control point 1; cold oil in injected automatically when the system reaches control point 2; each pressure relief is opened automatically when the system reaches control point 3. The pressure relief point is set before and/or after the circulation pump of the reactor if internal circulation is set in the reactor; the pressure relief point is set at the reactor bottom if the internal circulation is not set; at least one pressure relief valve is set at each pressure relief point.

A temperature-controlling measure for a hydrogenation slurry bed reactor has three control points that are set from low to high: cold hydrogen is injected automatically when the system reaches control point 1; cold oil in injected automatically when the system reaches control point 2; each pressure relief is opened automatically when the system reaches control point 3. The pressure relief point is set before and/or after the circulation pump of the reactor if internal circulation is set in the reactor; the pressure relief point is set at the reactor bottom if the internal circulation is not set; at least one pressure relief valve is set at each pressure relief point.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is a crystalline transition metal tungstate material or metal sulfides derived therefrom, or both. The hydroprocessing using the crystalline transition metal tungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking. A data system comprising at least one processor; at least one memory storing computer-executable instructions; and at least one receiver configured to receive data of a conversion process comprising at least one reaction catalyzed by the catalyst or a metal sulfide decomposition product of the catalyst has been developed.

A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is a crystalline transition metal tungstate material or metal sulfides derived therefrom, or both. The hydroprocessing using the crystalline transition metal tungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking. A data system comprising at least one processor; at least one memory storing computer-executable instructions; and at least one receiver configured to receive data of a conversion process comprising at least one reaction catalyzed by the catalyst or a metal sulfide decomposition product of the catalyst has been developed.

A two-stage hydrocracking process for preferentially making a high-quality middle distillate product such as diesel from a relatively light hydrocarbon feedstock such as light vacuum gas oil.