Preparing solid biomass particles for catalytic conversion includes agitating solid biomass particles and providing a biomass-catalyst mixture to a conventional petroleum refinery process unit. The biomass-catalyst mixture includes the solid biomass particles and a catalyst. Agitating solid biomass particles includes flowing a gas to provide a velocity to at least a portion of the solid biomass particles sufficient to reduce their sizes. Co-processing a biomass feedstock and a conventional petroleum feedstock includes liquefying at least a portion of a biomass-catalyst mixture and co-processing at least a portion of the liquefied biomass feedstock and a conventional petroleum feedstock in a conventional petroleum refinery process unit. The biomass feedstock includes a plurality of solid biomass particles and a catalyst, which is liquefied to produce a liquefied biomass feedstock.

Apparatuses and processes for converting an oxygenate feedstock, such as methanol and dimethyl ether, in a fluidized bed containing a catalyst to hydrocarbons, such as gasoline boiling components, olefins and aromatics are provided herein.

In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for treating a diesel feedstock to convert diesel to component-paraffins includes hydrodesulfurizing and hydrodenitrogenizing the diesel feedstock to reduce a sulfur content of the diesel feedstock and a nitrogen content of the diesel feedstock; hydrocracking the hydrodesulfurized and hydrodenitrogenized diesel feedstock over a metal-containing diesel hydrocracking catalyst comprising at least one zeolite to produce a hydrocrackate fraction; separating the hydrocrackate fraction into a first stream enriched in n-paraffins and a second stream enriched in iso-paraffins and naphthenes; and reverse isomerizing at least a portion of the second stream over an isomerization catalyst to convert at least a portion of the iso-paraffins to n-paraffins, producing a reverse isomerate fraction.

A catalyst may include a metallic function derived from a metal constrained within cages and/or channels of a microporous material, wherein the cages and/or channels of the microporous material are defined by 8 tetrahedral atoms or fewer; and an acidic function derived from an additional zeolite having cages and/or channels defined by 10 or more tetrahedral atoms, wherein the microporous material providing the metallic function and additional zeolite providing the acidic function are coupled by a binder.

Separation methods comprising: separating hydrogen sulfide from natural gas liquids (NGL) in a stripping column. Wherein the following are fluidly connected to the stripping column: a first condensate input line, a second condensate input line, a condensate stripper feed line, a feed drum, an overhead gas product line, a bottoms product NGL line, a slip stream NGL line, a reboiler return line, and an external stripping gas line. And feeding, to the stripping column in a stripping gas feed line fluidly connected to the stripping column, a portion of the slip stream NGL line in combination with the external stripping gas line.

A method (100) for producing hydrocarbons is proposed, in which one or more steam cracking feed streams (a) which predominantly or exclusively contain hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms are subjected to one or more steam cracking steps (10), thus obtaining one or more steam cracking discharge streams (b), and wherein one or more reaction feed streams (t, u) which predominantly or exclusively contain methane are subjected to one or more steps (60) for the oxidative coupling of methane, thus obtaining one or more reaction discharge streams (v) which contain ethane, while a separation discharge stream (m) which predominantly or exclusively contains ethane is formed using fluid from the steam cracking discharge stream or streams (b). In the proposed method, it is provided that fluid from the reaction discharge stream or streams (v) is subjected to one or more thermal cracking steps (70) which are subsequent to the step or steps (60) for the oxidative coupling of methane, and in which the ethane which is present in the fluid from the reaction discharge stream or streams (v) is at least partially reacted to form ethylene, under the influence of waste heat from the step or steps (60) for the oxidative coupling of methane, and that fluid (w) from the separation discharge stream (m) is fed into the subsequent thermal cracking step or steps (70), wherein the step or steps (60) for the oxidative coupling of methane and the subsequent thermal cracking step or steps (70) are carried out in a joint reactor and wherein the transfer of heat into the thermal cracking step or steps (70) that follow takes place by convection.

In various aspects, methods and apparatuses for liquid-liquid extraction are provided. In certain aspects, an emulsion can be formed by combining a feed stream, an extractant, and a surfactant. The feed stream comprises a plurality of distinct components including a first component to be removed therefrom. The feed stream may be selected from a group consisting of: a hydrocarbon feed stream and an azeotrope. Then, a portion of the first component is extracted from the feed stream (or emulsion) by contact with a superoleophobic and hygroscopic membrane filter that facilitates passage of the first component and extractant through the superoleophobic and hygroscopic membrane filter. A purified product is collected having the portion of the first component removed. Such methods are particularly useful for refining fuels and oils and separating azeotropes and other miscible component systems. Energy-efficient, continuous single unit operation apparatuses for conducting such separation techniques are also provided.

The present invention relates to a method for producing renewable C3 hydrocarbons D and renewable aromatic hydrocarbons E from a renewable feedstock A, in particular to methods comprising hydrodeoxygenation (20) and catalytic cracking (40) steps wherein the catalytic cracking is catalysed by a catalyst comprising a zeolite and a support, wherein the zeolite is a 12-membered ring zeolite with a pore size below 0.7 nm.

A treatment process for preparing a remediated liquid from a contaminated liquid originally containing more than 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) and substantially without formation of precipitate, includes steps of steps of adding an aqueous solution containing at least one hydroxide compound at a collective concentration of 35-55 wt % to the contaminated liquid to achieve a concentration of 125-5000 ppm of the hydroxide compounds in the contaminated liquid, adding a fulvic acid and/or a humic acid to the contaminated liquid to achieve a concentration of 0.01-10 ppm of the acid(s) in the contaminated liquid, and dispersing the aqueous solution and the at least one organic acid in the contaminated liquid and allowing the aqueous solution and the at least one organic acid to react with the contaminated liquid for a period of time until a concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the contaminated liquid is reduced to 5 ppm.

The invention relates to a process for oligomerising light olefins in which the effluent from the oligomerisation section is passed to a prefractionator that leads to at least one head fraction containing a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas and light gasoline and a bottom fraction containing a mixture of heavy gasoline and middle distillate, the said head fraction being passed to a debutaniser that leads to at least one liquefied petroleum gas cut and a light gasoline cut, the said bottom fraction and at least part of the said light gasoline cut being passed to a separator enabling at least a gaseous fraction, a gasoline fraction and a gasoil fraction to be obtained.