Provided are a composition and a manufacturing method of a solid CO.sub.2 sorbent having excellent physical properties and chemical reaction characteristics, particularly having an excellent mid-temperature range activity for a fluidized bed process, for use in collecting a CO.sub.2 source (pre-combustion or pre-utilization) in syngas application fields such as integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems, synthetic natural gas (SNG) and synthetic liquid fuel (CTL).

A process and apparatus for gasification of biomass. Biogenic residue may be supplied to a heating zone to dry the biomass and allow the volatile constituents to escape to generate a pyrolysis gas. The pyrolysis gas is supplied to an oxidation zone and substoichiometrically oxidized to generate a crude gas. The carbonaceous residue generated in the heating zone and the crude gas is partially gasified in a gasification zone. The gasification forms activated carbon and a hot process gas. The activated carbon and the hot process gas are conjointly cooled. The adsorption process during the conjoined cooling has the result that tar from the hot process gas is absorbed on the activated carbon in the cooling zone. A pure gas which is substantially tar-free is obtained. The tar-enriched activated carbon may be at least partly burned for heating the heating zone and/or the gasification zone.

A process and apparatus for gasification of biomass. Biogenic residue may be supplied to a heating zone to dry the biomass and allow the volatile constituents to escape to generate a pyrolysis gas. The pyrolysis gas is supplied to an oxidation zone and substoichiometrically oxidized to generate a crude gas. The carbonaceous residue generated in the heating zone and the crude gas is partially gasified in a gasification zone. The gasification forms activated carbon and a hot process gas. The activated carbon and the hot process gas are conjointly cooled. The adsorption process during the conjoined cooling has the result that tar from the hot process gas is absorbed on the activated carbon in the cooling zone. A pure gas which is substantially tar-free is obtained. The tar-enriched activated carbon may be at least partly burned for heating the heating zone and/or the gasification zone.

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant.

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant.

A catalyst system comprising a combination of: 1) one or more catalyst compounds comprising at least one nitrogen linkage; 2) a support comprising an organosilica material, which is a mesoporous organosilica material; and 3) an optional activator. Useful catalysts include pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes, HN5 compounds, and bis(imino)pyridyl complexes. The organosilica material is a polymer of at least one monomer of Formula [Z.sup.1OZ.sup.2SiCH.sub.2].sub.3(1), where Z.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl group, or a bond to a silicon atom of another monomer and Z.sup.2 represents a hydroxyl group, a C1-C.sub.4alkoxy group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, or an oxygen atom bonded to a silicon atom of another monomer. This invention further relates to processes to polymerize olefins comprising contacting one or more olefins with the above catalyst system.

A method of obtaining purified hydrogen and purified carbon monoxide from crude synthesis gas. A first crude synthesis gas stream is passed through a first separation zone to separate a hydrogen stream from a stream comprising carbon monoxide and methane. The carbon monoxide and methane are subjected to thermal reforming to produce a second crude synthesis gas, which is passed through a second separation zone to separate carbon monoxide from the second crude synthesis gas stream.

A method of obtaining purified hydrogen and purified carbon monoxide from crude synthesis gas. A first crude synthesis gas stream is passed through a first separation zone to separate a hydrogen stream from a stream comprising carbon monoxide and methane. The carbon monoxide and methane are subjected to thermal reforming to produce a second crude synthesis gas, which is passed through a second separation zone to separate carbon monoxide from the second crude synthesis gas stream.

A method for producing synthesis gas for operating an internal combustion engine from an organic solid fuel decomposed into pyrolysis products in a pyrolysis reactor without an oxygen supply, includes feeding the pyrolysis products from a bottom of the pyrolysis reactor to a fluidized bed reactor. A synthesis gas produced in the fluidized bed reactor is withdrawn as product gas. The products gas is directly or indirectly fed to the internal combustion engine. The pyrolysis reactor is operated using at least one pyrolysis auger for conveying the solid fuel. The fluidized bed reactor is fluidized by supplying air at a rate above a minimal loosening rate of the bed material of the fluidized bed of the fluidized bed reactor.

Disclosed is an adsorbent containing a metal oxide for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in biogas, and a biogas purification system using the same.