The disclosure provides for the integration of a CO-consuming process, such as a gas fermentation process, with a CO.sub.2 to CO conversion system. The disclosure is capable of utilizing a CO.sub.2-comprising gaseous substrate generated by an industrial process and provides for one or more removal modules to remove at least one constituent from a CO.sub.2-comprising gaseous substrate prior to passage of the gaseous substrate to a CO.sub.2 to CO conversion system. The disclosure may further comprise one or more pressure modules, one or more CO.sub.2 concentration modules, one or more O.sub.2 separation modules, and/or a water electrolysis module. Carbon conversion efficiency is increased by recycling CO.sub.2 produced by a CO-consuming process to the CO.sub.2 to CO conversion process.

Fuel or fuel blending compositions corresponding to blends of a resid-containing fraction one or more fatty acid alkyl esters are provided, along with methods for forming such a fuel or fuel blending composition are also provided. Optionally, the fuel or fuel blending composition can further include a secondary flux. The secondary flux can correspond to additional renewable flux or conventional distillate flux. Optionally, the amount of renewable flux can correspond to 25 vol % or more of the fuel or fuel blending composition. Optionally, the resulting fuel or fuel blending composition can have a BMCI−TE difference value of 15 or less.

Fuel or fuel blending compositions corresponding to blends of a resid-containing fraction one or more fatty acid alkyl esters are provided, along with methods for forming such a fuel or fuel blending composition are also provided. Optionally, the fuel or fuel blending composition can further include a secondary flux. The secondary flux can correspond to additional renewable flux or conventional distillate flux. Optionally, the amount of renewable flux can correspond to 25 vol % or more of the fuel or fuel blending composition. Optionally, the resulting fuel or fuel blending composition can have a BMCI−TE difference value of 15 or less.

This disclosure describes processes for using a single cellulosic feedstock or a combination of two or more different cellulosic feedstocks with a starch component to produce a fermented product. The process includes separating the components of the cellulosic feedstocks with fractionation, pretreating a component with wet fractionation with chemicals, hydrolysis and fermentation of the pretreated feedstock(s) to produce cellulosic biofuel. The process may include combining the cellulosic feedstock(s) with other components to a cook and/or a fermentation process, distilling and dehydrating the combined components to produce the bio fuel. The process may also include producing a whole stillage stream from the feedstock(s) and mechanically processing the whole stillage stream to produce a high-value protein animal feed.

This disclosure describes processes for using a single cellulosic feedstock or a combination of two or more different cellulosic feedstocks with a starch component to produce a fermented product. The process includes separating the components of the cellulosic feedstocks with fractionation, pretreating a component with wet fractionation with chemicals, hydrolysis and fermentation of the pretreated feedstock(s) to produce cellulosic biofuel. The process may include combining the cellulosic feedstock(s) with other components to a cook and/or a fermentation process, distilling and dehydrating the combined components to produce the bio fuel. The process may also include producing a whole stillage stream from the feedstock(s) and mechanically processing the whole stillage stream to produce a high-value protein animal feed.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first oxide having a phosphate, a ratio of Brønsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites between 0.05 and 1.00, and a total acidity between 50 μmol/g and 300 μmol/g, where the phosphate is at least one of a functional group covalently bonded to the first oxide and/or an anion ionically bonded to the first oxide.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first oxide having a phosphate, a ratio of Brønsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites between 0.05 and 1.00, and a total acidity between 50 μmol/g and 300 μmol/g, where the phosphate is at least one of a functional group covalently bonded to the first oxide and/or an anion ionically bonded to the first oxide.

Diesel fuel compositions are provided that have unexpectedly beneficial cold flow properties. Methods for forming such diesel fuel compositions are also provided. The improved cold flow properties are achieved in part based on dewaxing of a distillate fraction of the composition. The improved cold flow properties are achieved further in part based on inclusion of a cold flow additive and fatty acid alkyl ester in the composition, such as fatty acid methyl ester.

Systems for the catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation of a paraffin feed stream that is enriched in C5 alkanes to produce olefins that are then hydrated in the presence of water to produce C5 alcohols. Optionally, paraffin isomers are separated and the n-paraffins isomerized prior to catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation.

Systems for the catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation of a paraffin feed stream that is enriched in C5 alkanes to produce olefins that are then hydrated in the presence of water to produce C5 alcohols. Optionally, paraffin isomers are separated and the n-paraffins isomerized prior to catalytic activation and/or dehydrogenation.