A diesel fuel additive includes a cetane number improver and an at least one organometallic combustion catalyst in solution and/or at least one metal-oxide combustion catalyst in suspension.

The invention provides dispersions comprising I) at least one oil-soluble polymer effective as a cold flow improver for mineral oils, II) at least one organic, water-immiscible solvent, III) a dispersant comprising, based on the total amount of dispersant, a) 10-90% by weight of a salt of an ethercarboxylic acid and b) 90-10% by weight of a nonionic surfactant, IV) water and V) at least one organic, water-miscible solvent.

Bimetallic catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) conversion of lignin into useful hydrocarbons are provided. The catalysts are bifunctional bimetallic ruthenium catalysts Ru-M/X.sup.+Y comprising a metal M such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn), zeolite Y and cation X.sup.+ (e.g. H.sup.+) associated with zeolite Y.

The disclosed technology relates to a concentrated multi-functional additive that can be continuously dosed in internal combustion engines.

The disclosed technology relates to a concentrated multi-functional additive that can be continuously dosed in internal combustion engines.

A composition comprising at least one fuel that is a diesel fuel, a biodiesel fuel, or combinations thereof and less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm (or less than 25 ppm, less than 10 ppm, 1 to 7 ppm, or 5 to 7 ppm) of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 25 to 500 ppm (or 50 to 500 ppm, or 150 to 450 ppm or 250 to 450 ppm, or 250 to 400 ppm) of a terpolymer; and 5 to 90 ppm, (or 10 to 70 ppm, to 60 ppm, or 10 to 55 ppm) of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group. Methods of reducing the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of a fuel, said method comprising adding the following components: less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm (or less than 25 ppm; less than 10 ppm, 1 to 7 ppm, or 5 to 7 ppm) of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 25 to 500 ppm (or 50 to 500 ppm, or 150 to 450 ppm or 250 to 450 ppm, or 250 to 400 ppm) of a terpolymer; and 5 to 90 ppm, (or 10 to 70 ppm, to 60 ppm, or 10 to 55 ppm) of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group. Uses of a fuel additive composition to reduce the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of a fuel, wherein the fuel additive composition comprises: 0.2 to 3 wt % of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 10 to 50 wt % of a terpolymer; and 2 to 10 wt % of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group; and an optional solvent.

Aviation gasolines and additives may have manganese-containing anti-knock components. The scavengers herein mitigate the possible deleterious effects from using the manganese-containing anti-knock. The scavengers include molecules with a central atom of a Group 15 element other than nitrogen. Entities that are attached to the central atom are electron withdrawing entities including electron deficient atoms and electron deficient functional groups.

An additive has been prepared for blending with gasoline that facilitates a cylinder resident reaction, in high compression internal combustion engines (ICEs), to produce an increase in engine's mechanical energy output. A method of increasing mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) comprising blending an amount of additive with gasoline to perform hydrolysis of olefin hydrocarbons, represented by octene (C8) into petroleum gas hydrocarbons, represented by butane (C4), wherein the additive facilitates cylinder-resident reaction, aided by a low concentration of organometallic catalyst, to utilize the elements of the water combustion product, to hydrolyze olefin hydrocarbons such as octene, resident in the gasoline, into petroleum gas hydrocarbons such as butane, and to increase the ICE's efficiency of utilization of the energy of the fuel.

An additive has been prepared for blending with gasoline that facilitates a cylinder resident reaction, in high compression internal combustion engines (ICEs), to produce an increase in engine's mechanical energy output. A method of increasing mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) comprising blending an amount of additive with gasoline to perform hydrolysis of olefin hydrocarbons, represented by octene (C8) into petroleum gas hydrocarbons, represented by butane (C4), wherein the additive facilitates cylinder-resident reaction, aided by a low concentration of organometallic catalyst, to utilize the elements of the water combustion product, to hydrolyze olefin hydrocarbons such as octene, resident in the gasoline, into petroleum gas hydrocarbons such as butane, and to increase the ICE's efficiency of utilization of the energy of the fuel.

An oil-replacement additive for two-stroke engine fuel capable of reducing fuel consumption, enhancing combustion and reducing emissions comprises boron and a carrier, wherein the boron concentration in said additive is in the interval of 100 to 600 ppm, the carrier comprises an alcohol, the amount of oil in the additive is less than 10% (w/w), and the balance is a fuel. Most preferably said additive is substantially oil-free. A two-stroke fuel comprising said additive, and a significantly reduced amount of oil, or substantially no oil, said fuel having a boron concentration in the interval of about 1 to 12 ppm.