Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that can have improved combustion properties (relative to the research octane number of the composition) in spark ignition engines and/or compression ignition engines. The improved combustion properties can be achieved by controlling the total combined amounts of n-paraffins and isoparaffins that include a straight-chain propyl group (R.sub.1CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2R.sub.2). For such a straight-chain propyl group, R.sub.2 can correspond to any convenient C.sub.xH.sub.y group that can appear in a paraffin or isoparaffin. R.sub.1 can correspond to a hydrogen atom, making the straight-chain propyl group a terminal n-propyl group; or R.sub.1 can correspond to any convenient C.sub.xH.sub.y group that can appear in a paraffin or isoparaffin.

Methods for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Aviation gasolines and additives may have manganese-containing anti-knock components. The scavengers herein mitigate the possible deleterious effects from using the manganese-containing anti-knock. The scavengers include molecules with a central atom of a Group 15 element other than nitrogen. Entities that are attached to the central atom are electron withdrawing entities including electron deficient atoms and electron deficient functional groups.

The invention relates to a material consisting of a preparation made from a mixture of ferrocene and an inert flameproof material such as plaster, the material being presented in the form of granules and being suitable for spreading over a hydrocarbon fire in a simple and rapid manner such that, under the effect of the heat from the fire, the ferrocene contained in the granulated material is diffused progressively and homogeneously in a vapor phase over the base of the flames, so as to optimize the combustion of the hydrocarbon and to reduce the emission of smoke and unwanted particles.

The invention relates to a material consisting of a preparation made from a mixture of ferrocene and an inert flameproof material such as plaster, the material being presented in the form of granules and being suitable for spreading over a hydrocarbon fire in a simple and rapid manner such that, under the effect of the heat from the fire, the ferrocene contained in the granulated material is diffused progressively and homogeneously in a vapor phase over the base of the flames, so as to optimize the combustion of the hydrocarbon and to reduce the emission of smoke and unwanted particles.

Processes for producing jet fuel are disclosed. In one embodiment, syngas is converted to methanol, and a first portion of the methanol is converted to olefins using a methanol-to-olefins catalyst. The olefins are then oligomerized under conditions that provide olefins in the jet fuel range. The olefins can then optionally be isomerized and/or hydrotreated. A second portion of the methanol is converted to dimethyl ether, which is then reacted over a catalyst to form jet fuel-range hydrocarbons and aromatics. All or part of the two separate product streams can be combined, to provide jet fuel components which include isoparaffins and aromatics in the jet fuel range. The syngas is preferably derived from biomass or another renewable carbon-containing feedstock, thereby providing a biorefining process for the production of renewable jet fuel. In another embodiment, the process starts with methanol, rather than producing the methanol from syngas.

The invention provides a method of marking a hydrophobic medium with a nucleic acid marker, the method includes: providing a trialkylammonium salt of the nucleic acid marker, a tetraalkylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker or a tetraarylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker; and incorporating the trialkylammonium salt of the nucleic acid marker, the tetraalkylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker or the tetraarylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker into the hydrophobic medium. The hydrophobic medium can be authenticated after shipping or recovery from the stream of commerce by detecting the nucleic acid marker in a sample of the hydrophobic medium.

The invention provides a method of marking a hydrophobic medium with a nucleic acid marker, the method includes: providing a trialkylammonium salt of the nucleic acid marker, a tetraalkylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker or a tetraarylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker; and incorporating the trialkylammonium salt of the nucleic acid marker, the tetraalkylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker or the tetraarylphosphonium salt of the nucleic acid marker into the hydrophobic medium. The hydrophobic medium can be authenticated after shipping or recovery from the stream of commerce by detecting the nucleic acid marker in a sample of the hydrophobic medium.

In accordance with the present invention, a fuel/oxygen solution is provided for use in the operation of any type of combustion chamber. Operationally, the fuel/oxygen solution is created by a solvent which includes a hydrocarbon based fuel that has been treated with an electromagnetically modified ethanol additive, and a solute that includes paramagnetic oxygen molecules. Chemically, the solvent additive has increased InterMolecular Forces (IMFs) and dispersion forces for hydrocarbon molecules in a treated fuel to make these respective forces effectively comparable with IMFs and dispersion forces of a solute of paramagnetic oxygen molecules. Thus, when atomized in a combustion chamber, the treated fuel acts as a more efficient solvent for dissolving oxygen from the air, to thereby create the fuel/oxygen solution for use in the combustion chamber.

Water-added fuel production method comprising: a water activation step of applying an electrical stimulation to water by means of high-voltage application or the like, to thereby activate molecules of the water; a stirring and mixing step of mixing the water in a state after undergoing the water activation step and in which at least one selected from the group consisting of catalase, sodium hydroxide and an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is added as an additive thereto, with the raw fuel oil, and stirring the resulting mixture; and a fusion step of fusing the raw fuel oil and the water during the stirring and mixing step or after undergoing the stirring and mixing step, together under a high temperature and a high pressure.