A fuel is mixed with an oxidant to form a first combustible gas mixture having predominantly non-plug flow. The first combustible gas mixture is transitioned into a second combustible gas mixture having predominantly plug flow. The second combustible gas mixture may be combusted to form one or more combustion products. The one or more combustion products may be mixed with a feedstock to cause the feedstock to decompose.

An apparatus and process for oxidant formation can be configured to facilitate improved mixing of for formation of an oxidant. Embodiments can be configured so conduits having a relatively large aspect ratio (e.g., 1.5 to 5 or 1.5 to over 5) can be utilized for improved gas mixing even in situations in which the carrier gas is at a relatively low pressure. Embodiments can also facilitate low nitrogen oxide formation combustion. Some embodiments can additionally provide improved carbon capture.

Systems and methods for chemically marking dry natural gas and other fluids are provided. In an example, at least 1 ppbv of a first isotopologue of a first hydrocarbon is added to the dry natural gas as a chemical marker. The first isotopologue has at least three deuterium atoms.

The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

The present invention provides a method and a system for synthesizing a combustible gas composition as well as a combustible gas composition obtained by such a method. In particular, the method comprises providing a primary gas (30) obtained by splitting water (12) by means of an electric field; and mixing the primary gas (30) with a secondary gas (44) and with air, wherein the secondary gas (44) comprises a combustible gaseous hydrocarbon.

The present invention provides a method and a system for synthesizing a combustible gas composition as well as a combustible gas composition obtained by such a method. In particular, the method comprises providing a primary gas (30) obtained by splitting water (12) by means of an electric field; and mixing the primary gas (30) with a secondary gas (44) and with air, wherein the secondary gas (44) comprises a combustible gaseous hydrocarbon.

The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

A fuel composition for combustion according to claim 1, the fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon-based fuel and magnetite material comprising magnetite. The magnetite material is in the form of powder with a size range from 1 nm-1 mm. The magnetite material is 0.1-80% wt of the fuel composition. The magnetite material comprises at least 40% magnetite (Fe.sub.3O.sub.4) and has at least 25% Fe (iron).

A method of inhibiting hydrates in a fluid comprising water and gas comprising adding to the fluid an effective hydrate-inhibiting amount of a composition comprising one or more copolymers of N-alkyl (alkyl)acrylamide monomers and one or more cationic monomers selected from acid and alkyl chloride quaternary salts of N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylates and N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylamides.

Described herein are fuel modifiers for natural gas reciprocating engines, while recognizing the application of the inventions herein may be applied more broadly, to other natural gas-based engine systems. The fuel modifiers are primarily free-radical initiators, and the presence of this fuel modifier allows the engine operator to operate the engine under leaner conditions because, while employing the same ignition energy, more free-radicals are formed, thus overcoming the problems associated with dilution of the pool of free-radicals in the flame.