This alternative fuel is a reclaimed waste product which has a solid, particulate consistency at ambient temperature. The fuel comprises a composite of petroleum pitch and a powder coating. The powder coating penetrates into the surface of the pitch. The powder coating is recycled ash, pulverized coal, or pulverized petroleum coke.

A process and system for producing an engineered fuel product that meets customer specifications for composition and combustion characteristics is provided. The engineered fuel product is preferably a high-BTU, alternative fuel that burns cleaner than coal or petroleum coke (petcoke) and has significantly reduced NOx, SO.sub.2 and GHG emissions.

A system for and method of, processing post-consumer and post-industrial waste streams, producing active ingredients for waste stream processing, processing aqueous waste streams, preparing and collecting a multi-purpose chemical precursor, removing phosphates, nitrates, heavy metals, and other contaminants from aqueous waste streams, collecting and processing a post-consumer and post-industrial product from aqueous waste streams, administering and positioning assets and processes associated with waste stream processing, and scheduling operations for sub-systems of the system.

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition. A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition. A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a

A pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system includes; a material inlet for receiving biomass material to be treated in the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system and a material outlet for expelling treated biomass material out from the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system; a transport screw arrangement including a transport screw provided inside an enclosing housing of the transport screw arrangement, said transport screw being configured for transporting biomass material through the enclosing housing towards the material outlet of the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system. The enclosing housing includes a cleaning arrangement that includes: at least one elongated fluid channel positioned in connection with an inner wall of the enclosing housing and wherein said at least one elongated fluid channel comprises a number of fluid outlets, and at least one cleaning fluid inlet which is provided through the enclosing housing in fluid connection with the at least one fluid channel.

A pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system includes; a material inlet for receiving biomass material to be treated in the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system and a material outlet for expelling treated biomass material out from the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system; a transport screw arrangement including a transport screw provided inside an enclosing housing of the transport screw arrangement, said transport screw being configured for transporting biomass material through the enclosing housing towards the material outlet of the pre-hydrolysis pressure vessel system. The enclosing housing includes a cleaning arrangement that includes: at least one elongated fluid channel positioned in connection with an inner wall of the enclosing housing and wherein said at least one elongated fluid channel comprises a number of fluid outlets, and at least one cleaning fluid inlet which is provided through the enclosing housing in fluid connection with the at least one fluid channel.

The present invention relates to a process for producing a lignin composition, which process comprises: providing a lignin slurry comprising water and a water miscible organic solvent; subjecting the lignin slurry to extraction at an extraction temperature of less than 100° C. for an extraction time of at least 1 minute to provide an extracted slurry; removing liquid from the extracted slurry to provide an extracted lignin; and suspending the extracted lignin in a polar organic solvent to provide a lignin composition having a dry matter content of at least 30% by weight.

The present invention also relates to a lignin composition comprising hardwood Kraft lignin and a polar organic solvent, which composition has a dry matter content of at least 30% by weight. The present invention also relates to use of the lignin composition as a fuel.

A process for producing biocoke is provided, comprising: providing a heated biogas stream comprising carbon-containing vapors; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the heated biogas stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing vapors to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Other variations provide a process for producing biocoke, comprising: providing a bioliquid stream comprising carbon-containing liquids; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the bioliquid stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing liquids to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Many embodiments are described.

The invention relates to the use of fibres, often in briquettes, and to the production of briquettes, for instance from coal, metal or metal ores. Typically the briquettes are formed from particulate material and a fibre.