A method for removing ash from a solid carbon material: Reaction conditions are mild, and ash may be removed more effectively. The ash removing method comprises: S1) mixing an alkaline sub-molten salt medium and a solid carbonaceous material to be treated, heating so that alkali and ash in the solid carbonaceous material to be treated react in the alkaline sub-molten salt medium, and performing solid-liquid separation on a mixed slurry resulting from the reaction to obtain a first solid product and an alkali treatment solution, wherein in the alkaline sub-molten salt medium, the mass fraction of the alkali is greater than or equal to 50%; S2) using an acid solution to perform acid cleaning treatment on the first solid product, and performing solid-liquid separation again to obtain a second solid product and an acid cleaning solution.

Upgraded coal, method of forming the same, and graphene films and quantum dots made therefrom. A method of upgrading coal includes cleaning coal to form a cleaned coal residue. The method also includes (A) reacting the cleaned coal residue with an oxidizable inorganic metallic agent, or (B) reacting the cleaned coal residue with a reducing agent, or a combination thereof, to form the upgraded coal.

A pipeline transportation method of coal is provided. The coal is pulverized and then subjected to a waterproofing treatment, so that a time needed for precipitating the pulverized coal in water is longer than a time needed for transporting the pulverized coal by flowing water to a destination. The waterproof pulverized coal is transported by water through a pipeline. After reaching the destination, the waterproof pulverized coal can be separated from the water in a static pool, collected by a cyclone separator, and then stored in a warehouse.

A pipeline transportation method of coal is provided. The coal is pulverized and then subjected to a waterproofing treatment, so that a time needed for precipitating the pulverized coal in water is longer than a time needed for transporting the pulverized coal by flowing water to a destination. The waterproof pulverized coal is transported by water through a pipeline. After reaching the destination, the waterproof pulverized coal can be separated from the water in a static pool, collected by a cyclone separator, and then stored in a warehouse.

A method of drying a moisture-containing or water-laden biomass material is provided that includes the steps of sending the biomass material into an apparatus having a feeding device, a rotary biomass dryer, a reflux condenser, an aftercooler, and an exit mechanism. The biomass material may be pretreated, and then heated in order to separate the moisture-containing or water laden biomass material into steam and dry biomass material. The steam is removed as the steam and the dry biomass material passes through the reflux condenser, the dry biomass is cooled in the aftercooler stage, and the dry biomass material is collected after exiting the apparatus through the exit mechanism.

A method of drying a moisture-containing or water-laden biomass material is provided that includes the steps of sending the biomass material into an apparatus having a feeding device, a rotary biomass dryer, a reflux condenser, an aftercooler, and an exit mechanism. The biomass material may be pretreated, and then heated in order to separate the moisture-containing or water laden biomass material into steam and dry biomass material. The steam is removed as the steam and the dry biomass material passes through the reflux condenser, the dry biomass is cooled in the aftercooler stage, and the dry biomass material is collected after exiting the apparatus through the exit mechanism.

A process for converting waste fibers to solid fuel is provided, including providing a supply of animal waste including the waste fibers in a predetermined quantity; washing the supply of animal waste for a predetermined washing period; dewatering the supply of animal waste by separating water from the waste fibers for a predetermined dewatering period; shedding the waste fibers for separating liquids from solids; compressing the dewatered and shed waste fibers to generate a plurality of briquettes; torrefying at least one of the plurality of briquettes in a torrefaction reactor using a heat source at a predetermined torrefying temperature for a predetermined torrefying period; removing the at least one of the plurality of briquettes from the reactor; and cooling the torrefaction reactor to reach a predetermined cooling temperature.

Described herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems for reducing the sulfur content of coal. Coal is loaded into an apparatus comprising a vertically rotatable drum within a housing. The rotatable drum comprises a perforated cylindrical outer wall, a solid cylindrical inner wall, and a perforated, cylindrical central wall positioned between the outer wall and the inner wall, wherein the coal is loaded into a coal wash annulus between the central wall and the outer wall. A microbial wash fluid flows into a wash fluid annulus between the inner wall and the central wall, wherein the microbial wash fluid contains sulfur digesting bacteria and nutrients for the bacteria. The drum is rotated to cause the microbial wash fluid to migrate from the wash fluid annulus through the coal in the coal wash annulus and collect in a splash wash annulus between the outer wall and the housing.

Described herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems for reducing the sulfur content of coal. Coal is loaded into an apparatus comprising a vertically rotatable drum within a housing. The rotatable drum comprises a perforated cylindrical outer wall, a solid cylindrical inner wall, and a perforated, cylindrical central wall positioned between the outer wall and the inner wall, wherein the coal is loaded into a coal wash annulus between the central wall and the outer wall. A microbial wash fluid flows into a wash fluid annulus between the inner wall and the central wall, wherein the microbial wash fluid contains sulfur digesting bacteria and nutrients for the bacteria. The drum is rotated to cause the microbial wash fluid to migrate from the wash fluid annulus through the coal in the coal wash annulus and collect in a splash wash annulus between the outer wall and the housing.

A pipeline transportation method of coal is provided. The coal is pulverized and then subjected to a waterproofing treatment, so that a time needed for precipitating the pulverized coal in water is longer than a time needed for transporting the pulverized coal by flowing water to a destination. The waterproof pulverized coal is transported by water through a pipeline. After reaching the destination, the waterproof pulverized coal can be separated from the water in a static pool, collected by a cyclone separator, and then stored in a warehouse.