Provided are water-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The water-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

Provided are oil-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The oil-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

The present invention refers to a method for treating agricultural or forestry or urban origin biomass or mixture of different origin's biomass feedstocks, low quality coal such as peat, lignite or subbituminous or/and bituminous coal, or/and mixtures of them, garbage and urban/industrial wastes, solid and/or liquid state, as well as sewage treatment plant sludges by means of removal of inorganic elements, such as silica, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals such as zinc, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, etc., and the addition of new inorganic elements such as calcium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, aluminum and ammonium, in order to produce a purified and upgraded solid and/or liquid material which can be used as raw material in thermochemical conversion processes such as combustion, flash (t<1 sec)/fast pyrolysis (1<t<10 sec), as well as in the gasification for the production of energy, and/or hydrogen-rich gas and liquid hydrocarbons.

The present invention refers to a method for treating agricultural or forestry or urban origin biomass or mixture of different origin's biomass feedstocks, low quality coal such as peat, lignite or subbituminous or/and bituminous coal, or/and mixtures of them, garbage and urban/industrial wastes, solid and/or liquid state, as well as sewage treatment plant sludges by means of removal of inorganic elements, such as silica, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals such as zinc, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, etc., and the addition of new inorganic elements such as calcium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, aluminum and ammonium, in order to produce a purified and upgraded solid and/or liquid material which can be used as raw material in thermochemical conversion processes such as combustion, flash (t<1 sec)/fast pyrolysis (1<t<10 sec), as well as in the gasification for the production of energy, and/or hydrogen-rich gas and liquid hydrocarbons.

The invention relates to the use of engineered fuel feedstocks to control the emission of sulfur-based, chlorine-based, nitrogen-based, or mercury-based pollutants, such as SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NO, NO.sub.2, HCl, and Hg that are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal. Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feedstocks, feedstocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feedstocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feedstocks, and methods of generating electricity from the fuel feedstocks.

The invention relates to the use of engineered fuel feedstocks to control the emission of sulfur-based, chlorine-based, nitrogen-based, or mercury-based pollutants, such as SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NO, NO.sub.2, HCl, and Hg that are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal. Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feedstocks, feedstocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feedstocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feedstocks, and methods of generating electricity from the fuel feedstocks.

Emissions of mercury, NOx, and/or SOx are reduced by enzyme treating coal before combustion, optionally with further treatment of the coal with certain non-bromine containing powder sorbents. y using the steps together, mercury can be reduced by 40% or more, and NOx by 20% or more. Advantageously, no bromine is introduced with the remediation steps.

A fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article is provided, the fuel element including a combustible carbonaceous material in an amount of at least 25% by dry weight, based on the weight of the fuel element, and a particulate ignition aid dispersed throughout the fuel element and selected from ceramic particles, cellulose particles, fullerenes, impregnated activated carbon particles, inorganic salts, and combinations thereof, wherein the average particle size of the ignition aid is less than about 1,000 microns. Also provided are elongate smoking articles having a lighting end and an opposed mouth end, and including the above-noted fuel element configured for ignition of the lighting end.

A fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article is provided, the fuel element including a combustible carbonaceous material in an amount of at least 25% by dry weight, based on the weight of the fuel element, and a particulate ignition aid dispersed throughout the fuel element and selected from ceramic particles, cellulose particles, fullerenes, impregnated activated carbon particles, inorganic salts, and combinations thereof, wherein the average particle size of the ignition aid is less than about 1,000 microns. Also provided are elongate smoking articles having a lighting end and an opposed mouth end, and including the above-noted fuel element configured for ignition of the lighting end.

The description relates to controlling slagging and/or fouling in biomass burning furnaces. Combustion of such a biomass the fuel with air produces combustion gases containing sodium and/or potassium compositions, and the combustion gases are treated by contacting the combustion gases with kaolin and aluminum hydroxide. At least one of the kaolin and aluminum hydroxide can be introduced with the fuel, in a combustion chamber, with reburn fuel or with overfire air. For fuels also high in zinc and/or heavy metals, magnesium hydroxide is introduced into the combustion chamber or following heat exchangers.