Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it. The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol.-% paraffinic hydrocarbons originating from biological oils, fats, or derivatives or combinations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates, such as ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol.-%; or iso-butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol.-%, preferably about 10 to 17 vol.-%; or ETBE present in a concentration of 7 to 25 vol.-%, preferably about 15 to 22 vol.-%. The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 Energy equivalent percentage (E.sub.eqv-%) calculated based on the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. By means of the invention, fuels with a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in conventional gasoline-fuelled automotive engines.

Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it. The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol.-% paraffinic hydrocarbons originating from biological oils, fats, or derivatives or combinations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates, such as ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol.-%; or iso-butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol.-%, preferably about 10 to 17 vol.-%; or ETBE present in a concentration of 7 to 25 vol.-%, preferably about 15 to 22 vol.-%. The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 Energy equivalent percentage (E.sub.eqv-%) calculated based on the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. By means of the invention, fuels with a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in conventional gasoline-fuelled automotive engines.

A biomass-based long-chain alcohol ether oxygenated additive and a preparation method and application thereof are disclosed. The additive used agricultural and forestry wastes as raw materials, and has a general chemical formula of R—(O—C.sub.1-3).sub.n—R—OH. The preparation method includes the following steps: step 1, performing drying pretreatment on biomass raw materials, performing rapid pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere to obtain a pyrolysis product containing water, gases, water-phase bio-oil and oil-phase bio-oil, separating out the water-phase bio-oil and performing catalytic hydrogenation on the water-phase bio-oil to obtain polyols; step 2, performing catalytic dehydration on the polyols obtained in step 1 under a basic catalyst system to obtain epoxyalkane; and step 3, making the epoxyalkane obtained in step 2 and methanol undergo a reaction under a molecular sieve catalyst and removing the solid catalyst by separation to obtain the long-chain alcohol ether oxygenated additive.

A fuel or fuel blending agent for an internal combustion engine includes a ketone compound that is a C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 branched acyclic ketone, cyclopentanone, or a derivative of cyclopentanone. The ketone compound may be blended with a majority portion of a fuel selected from the group consisting of: gasoline, diesel, alcohol fuel, biofuel, renewable fuel, Fischer-Tropsch fuel, or combinations thereof. The ketone compound may be derived from biological sources. A method for powering an internal combustion engine with a fuel comprising the ketone compound is also provided.

A fuel or fuel blending agent for an internal combustion engine includes a ketone compound that is a C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 branched acyclic ketone, cyclopentanone, or a derivative of cyclopentanone. The ketone compound may be blended with a majority portion of a fuel selected from the group consisting of: gasoline, diesel, alcohol fuel, biofuel, renewable fuel, Fischer-Tropsch fuel, or combinations thereof. The ketone compound may be derived from biological sources. A method for powering an internal combustion engine with a fuel comprising the ketone compound is also provided.

A mixture of alkylesters of fatty acids is provided, wherein the fatty acids have the following composition: at least 56% of saturated C12 chains, at least 23% of saturated C14 chains, at most 8% of saturated C16 chains, at most 5% of saturated C6-10 chains, at most 5% of monounsaturated C18 chains, at most 2% of saturated C18 chains, at most 0.8% of diunsaturated C18 chains, and at most 0.2% of saturated C20 chains. The percentages are an average percentage expressed in number of moles per total number of moles of alkylesters, and the use of these mixtures is as a viscosity agent.

A mixture of alkylesters of fatty acids is provided, wherein the fatty acids have the following composition: at least 56% of saturated C12 chains, at least 23% of saturated C14 chains, at most 8% of saturated C16 chains, at most 5% of saturated C6-10 chains, at most 5% of monounsaturated C18 chains, at most 2% of saturated C18 chains, at most 0.8% of diunsaturated C18 chains, and at most 0.2% of saturated C20 chains. The percentages are an average percentage expressed in number of moles per total number of moles of alkylesters, and the use of these mixtures is as a viscosity agent.

There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C.sub.12 to C.sub.24 fatty acid, at least one C.sub.6 to C.sub.18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C.sub.12 to C.sub.24 fatty acid, at least one C.sub.6 to C.sub.18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

Provided herein are biodiesel fuel mixtures having improved properties for reducing NOx emissions as well as total particular matter emissions, CO emissions, and total hydrocarbon emissions.