A fuel refinery system comprising a particulate filter adapted to remove particulates from fuel flowing through the fuel conduction system, a water filter adapted to remove water from fuel flowing through the fuel conduction system following its passage through the particulate filter, a magnetic field of sufficient strength to further refine the fuel flowing through the fuel conduction system following its passage through the water filter, a catalyst injector configured to inject the catalyst from a catalyst tank into the fuel flowing through the fuel conduction system following its passage through the magnetic field, a dispensing conduit configured to conduct the fuel from the fuel refinement apparatus following injection of the catalyst.

A method of manufacturing a cetane-boosting fuel additive includes reacting formaldehyde and 2-ethylhexanol at a mole ratio of 10:1 to 1:1, or 5:1 to 1.5:1, or 4:1 to 2:1, or 3.5:1 to 2.5:1 in the presence of a heterogeneous acid catalyst at a temperature of 300 to 375 K to obtain a cetane-boosting product mixture comprising H.sub.3C(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2).sub.nOH, H.sub.3C(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2).sub.nOCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sub.3, or a combination thereof, wherein n has an average value of 2.8 to 3.2, preferably an average value of 3.

A method of manufacturing a cetane-boosting fuel additive includes reacting formaldehyde and 2-ethylhexanol at a mole ratio of 10:1 to 1:1, or 5:1 to 1.5:1, or 4:1 to 2:1, or 3.5:1 to 2.5:1 in the presence of a heterogeneous acid catalyst at a temperature of 300 to 375 K to obtain a cetane-boosting product mixture comprising H.sub.3C(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2).sub.nOH, H.sub.3C(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2).sub.nOCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sub.3, or a combination thereof, wherein n has an average value of 2.8 to 3.2, preferably an average value of 3.

A process for converting C2-5 alkanes to higher value C5-24 hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks. The C2-5 alkanes are converted to olefins by thermal olefination, without the use of a dehydrogenation catalyst and without the use of steam. The product olefins are fed to an oligomerization reactor containing a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the olens to the fuel products which are then recovered. Optionally, hydrogen and methane are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization. Further optionally, C2-5 alkanes are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization.

A process for converting C2-5 alkanes to higher value C5-24 hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks. The C2-5 alkanes are converted to olefins by thermal olefination, without the use of a dehydrogenation catalyst and without the use of steam. The product olefins are fed to an oligomerization reactor containing a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the olens to the fuel products which are then recovered. Optionally, hydrogen and methane are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization. Further optionally, C2-5 alkanes are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization.

Fuel and lubricant compositions are provided that contain an organic hydride-based reductant. Methods for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in an internal combustion engines using these compositions are also provided.

Techniques for separating a fuel on-board a vehicle include mixing an input fuel stream and a fluid solvent; separating the mixture into a first liquid fuel stream and a second liquid fuel stream, the first liquid fuel stream including a first portion of the input fuel stream defined by a first auto-ignition characteristic value and the fluid solvent, the second liquid fuel stream including a second portion of the input fuel stream defined by a second auto-ignition characteristic value that is different than the first auto-ignition characteristic value; separating the first liquid fuel stream into the fluid solvent and the first portion of the input fuel stream; directing the first portion of the input fuel stream to a first fuel tank on the vehicle; and directing the second portion of the input fuel stream to a second fuel tank on the vehicle.

Techniques for separating a fuel on-board a vehicle include mixing an input fuel stream and a fluid solvent; separating the mixture into a first liquid fuel stream and a second liquid fuel stream, the first liquid fuel stream including a first portion of the input fuel stream defined by a first auto-ignition characteristic value and the fluid solvent, the second liquid fuel stream including a second portion of the input fuel stream defined by a second auto-ignition characteristic value that is different than the first auto-ignition characteristic value; separating the first liquid fuel stream into the fluid solvent and the first portion of the input fuel stream; directing the first portion of the input fuel stream to a first fuel tank on the vehicle; and directing the second portion of the input fuel stream to a second fuel tank on the vehicle.

Disclosed is a process for converting C.sub.2-5 alkanes to higher-value C.sub.5-24+ hydrocarbon fuels and fuel blendstocks including reacting the C.sub.2-5 alkanes in a thermal olefination reactor operating at a temperature, pressure and space velocity to convent the alkanes to olefins and in the absence of both a dehydrogenation catalyst and steam. At least a portion of the product olefin stream is oligomerized using a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the product olefins to form the fuel products, which are then recovered. The process is useful in removing sulfur and nitrogen-based compounds in a single step process, while reducing total costs of processing and eliminating the need for additives used in the field.

Disclosed is a process for converting C.sub.2-5 alkanes to higher-value C.sub.5-24+ hydrocarbon fuels and fuel blendstocks including reacting the C.sub.2-5 alkanes in a thermal olefination reactor operating at a temperature, pressure and space velocity to convent the alkanes to olefins and in the absence of both a dehydrogenation catalyst and steam. At least a portion of the product olefin stream is oligomerized using a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the product olefins to form the fuel products, which are then recovered. The process is useful in removing sulfur and nitrogen-based compounds in a single step process, while reducing total costs of processing and eliminating the need for additives used in the field.