Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with high pH aqueous reducing agents, such as borohydride, results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. The treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

A biodiesel composition comprising a stabilization agent is disclosed. The stabilization agent comprises depolymerized lignin having a weight average molecular weight of at least 360 g/mol and at most 5000 g/mol, and the TEAC value of the depolymerized lignin is at most 50% of the TEAC value of a corresponding lignin before having been depolymerized, and wherein the weight average molecular weight of the depolymerized lignin is at most 60% of the weight average molecular weight of the corresponding lignin.

Disclosed are a pulverized coal preprocessing method and a pulverized coal gasifying method. The pulverized coal preprocessing method comprises the following steps: (1) performing pore broadening on pulverized coal to obtain preprocessed pulverized coal; (2) loading alkali metal ions into the preprocessed pulverized coal under an ion exchange condition to obtain alkali metal loaded pulverized coal. The method further comprises loading a chrome complex into the alkali metal loaded pulverized coal obtained in described step (2). In gasification, the pulverized coal loaded with alkali metal potassium and chrome catalysts obtained by the method has the advantages of high sulphur removal rate, high carbon conversion rate, short gasifying reaction time and high methane production.

A composition including poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas (O.sub.2) molecules free of chlorine and a fuel. The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material, such as OX66™ material, is added to a fuel, such as, but not limited to, fuels such as petrol, alcohol and diesel, which are combustible in engines to create significantly increased horsepower and torque. The OX66™ material is added to fuel in different ratios to generate improved performance. The different ratios are based on several factors including the type and design of the engine, the type of fuel, and environmental parameters.

An additive composition for a marine fuel or a heating oil comprising a stabilized colloidal dispersion of catalytic metal particles, a neutral or overbased alkaline earth metal detergent and a carrier fluid miscible with a marine fuel oil, a heavy fuel oil, a marine distillate fuel, and/or a residual fuel oil. Also provided are marine fuel and/or heating oil compositions having the additive composition described above and associated methods and uses.

The present disclosure recognizes a correlation between zeolitic surface area (ZSA) of a catalyst composition and its catalytic activity. Particularly, the disclosure provides catalyst articles for diesel NO.sub.x abatement, including a substrate and a washcoat layer containing metal-promoted molecular sieves, wherein the zeolitic surface area (ZSA) of the catalyst article is about 100 m.sup.2/g or greater, the volumetric surface area is about 900 m.sup.2/in.sup.3 or greater, and/or the total zeolitic surface area (tZSA) is about 1200 m.sup.2 or greater. The disclosure further relates to methods for evaluating ZSA, volumetric ZSA, and tZSA, e.g., including the steps of coating a catalyst composition comprising metal-promoted molecular sieves onto a substrate; calcining and aging the catalyst composition; determining the ZSA (or volumetric ZSA or tZSA) thereof; and correlating the ZSA (or volumetric ZSA or tZSA) with catalyst composition NO.sub.x abatement activity to determine whether the catalyst composition is suitable for an intended use.

The present invention relates to a combustion additive comprising a colloidal solution containing dispersed fine metal particles. The present invention also relates to a method for producing the colloid. More particularly the present teaching relates to a combustion additive having a colloid, wherein the colloid comprises metal particles providing in an alkaline aqueous solution, the metal particles being dispersed within that solution and having an average diameter in the range of 30 nm to 30 μm. The colloid can partly/fully substitute water of a water injection system or used as an air humidification component for combustion.

A component and a system for mitigating coke formation during delivery of a hydrocarbon fluid. The component includes a contact surface configured to be in contact with the hydrocarbon fluid. Tuning the zeta potential of the contact surface allows selective attraction and/or repulsion of coke-catalyzing materials, metal ions, heteroatomic hydrocarbons, and/or coke precursors present in the hydrocarbon fluid. A method of mitigating coke formation during delivery of a hydrocarbon fluid includes tuning a zeta potential of the contact surface of the component and injecting or circulating the hydrocarbon fluid through the system such that the contact surface selectively attracts and/or repels coke-catalyzing materials, metal ions, heteroatomic hydrocarbons, and/or coke precursors present in the hydrocarbon fluid.

An organometallic chemistry-based compound for preventing coke formation in a hydrocarbon fluid system. The organometallic chemistry-based compound includes a coordination complex that interrupts an autoxidative pathway of coke formation. A component and a system for mitigating coke formation during delivery or circulation of a hydrocarbon fluid. The component includes a contact surface configured to be in contact with the hydrocarbon fluid. The contact surface is functionalized with an inhibitor ligand to form an inhibitor ligand-functionalized surface. The inhibitor ligand-functionalized surface interrupts an autoxidative pathway of coke formation.

The present invention concerns a process for producing biodiesel with bifunctional heterogeneous acidic catalysts from acidic raw materials, such as fatty acids and mixtures of fatty acids with triglycerides.