Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

The disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions including heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates, in particular with the heavy paraffinic distillates including a mixture of hydrotreated and/or saturated components and solvent-dewaxed and/or branched components. The disclosure further relates to fuel compositions including the fuel additive composition and a liquid or solid combustible fuel. Related methods include methods of making the fuel compositions and methods of burning the fuel compositions. The resulting fuel compositions have several improved combustion properties such as improved combustion efficiency, improved combustion energy/calorie content, reduced sulfur generation, and reduced ash generation.

Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

To provide a lubricating oil additive, a lubricating oil, a grease composition, a fuel oil additive, a fuel oil, and an oil sludge suppression method, which are capable of effectively suppressing oil sludge in the lubricating oil. The lubricating oil additive for suppressing oil sludge contains titanium dioxide particles as an active ingredient.

Spent zeolite equilibrium catalyst from the fluidized catalytic cracker has a useful function as an adsorbent for jet fuel. Redirecting such spent catalyst saves costs for refinery operations in two ways. The first is by avoiding the costs for disposing of such catalyst as hazardous waste. The second is to reduce the cost of procuring sorbent for the jet fuel decontamination process. Since zeolite is primarily silica and conventional sorbents are also silica, zeolite catalysts are chemically similar. And the equilibrium catalyst may be regenerated in the FCC after its becomes saturated with jet fuel contaminants and re-used.

A fuel synthesis device includes: a supplier to supply CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses; a fuel synthesis catalyst to chemically react the CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses to synthesize fuel; a gas-liquid separator to liquefy the fuel into liquid and separate the liquid from a gas containing unreacted CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses, and CH.sub.4 gas as a side product; a return path to return the separated gas to a point between the supplier and the fuel synthesis catalyst; a bypass path to bypass, and merge downstream of, the return path, and to include a CH.sub.4 separator to separate the CH.sub.4 and a CH.sub.4 oxidation catalyst to oxidize the CH.sub.4; and a switching valve to selectively switch between communication with the return path and communication with the bypass path, wherein whether the switching valve communicates with the return path or bypass path is controlled based on the density of CH.sub.4.

A process involves (a) processing a lipid feedstock over a fluidized particulate catalyst in a gas-based stream in a fluid bed reactor to obtain a processed stream and spent catalyst comprising coke deposits, (b) continuously introducing the spent catalyst comprising the coke deposits to a catalyst regeneration unit, (c) continuously operating the catalyst regeneration unit to burn off the coke deposits from the spent catalyst to obtain a regenerated particulate catalyst, and (d) continuously introducing the regenerated particulate catalyst from the catalyst regeneration unit to the fluid bed reactor.

The present invention relates to an additive for fuels such as diesel fuel and fuel oil, used respectively for diesel engines and boilers of various types, comprising a metal oxidation catalyst, an organic nitrate and a dispersing agent in suitable ratios, capable of improving combustion efficiency in such a way as to reduce the formation of particulate matter and consumption.

The present invention discloses a homogenous cerium (Ce) catalyst composition comprising Ce(IV) complex alone, or Ce(IV) complex in a mixture with Ce(III) complex, that can significantly improve both LPG and soot combustion, resulting in higher flame temperatures, faster heating, reduced cooking time and reduced fuel consumption. The cerium(III) complex is cerium(III) 2-ethylhexanoate and the cerium(IV) complex is aqua(2-N-(2-hydroxyethylimino)-4-pentanoate) dinitrocerium(IV) [Ce(L1)(H.sub.2O)(NO.sub.3).sub.2], wherein L1 is 2-N-(2-hydroxyethylimino)-4-pentanone.

A component and a system for mitigating coke formation during delivery of a hydrocarbon fluid. The component includes a contact surface configured to be in contact with the hydrocarbon fluid. Tuning the zeta potential of the contact surface allows selective attraction and/or repulsion of coke-catalyzing materials, metal ions, heteroatomic hydrocarbons, and/or coke precursors present in the hydrocarbon fluid. A method of mitigating coke formation during delivery of a hydrocarbon fluid includes tuning a zeta potential of the contact surface of the component and injecting or circulating the hydrocarbon fluid through the system such that the contact surface selectively attracts and/or repels coke-catalyzing materials, metal ions, heteroatomic hydrocarbons, and/or coke precursors present in the hydrocarbon fluid.