The present invention provides a drain apparatus (200) for use in a subsea pipeline to remove liquid from a multiphase flow in the subsea pipeline. The drain apparatus comprises a first channel (20) for carrying a multiphase flow comprising liquid and gas phases; and liquid extraction means (11, 12, 14, 18) for extracting the liquid phase from the multiphase flow in the first channel (20). The internal diameter of the first channel (20) is substantially the same as an internal diameter of a subsea pipe arranged to carry the multiphase flow in the subsea pipeline, such that a pig travelling along the subsea pipe can pass through the first channel (20). The present invention also provides a subsea pipeline comprising a subsea pipe for transporting a multiphase flow subsea; and at least one drain. The at least one drain is disposed partway along a gradient in the subsea pipe to reduce liquid holdup.

A solid biomass fuel derived from one or more sources of biomass, wherein the one or more sources of biomass comprise: straw, palm-derived material, nut shells, hemp, bamboo, corn cob, rice husk, fruit shells, crop residues, seaweed, calliandra calothyrsus, acacia mangium, albizia chinensis, hevea brasiliensis, grass, or any combination thereof: wherein the solid biomass fuel further comprises one or more aluminosilicate-containing clays, one or more aluminosilicates, one or more pulverised fuel ashes, or a combination thereof.

The invention relates to fuel oil compositions comprising an ester of an alkyl neo-monocarboxylic acid having a total number of from 5 to 30 carbon atoms and an aliphatic acyclic (C2 to C18) alkanol having a total number of from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and a total number of from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups, wherein the aliphatic acyclic (C.sub.2 to C.sub.18) alkanol includes one or more alkyl chain(s) and each of said one or more alkyl chain(s) may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atom(s), and to associated fuel additive compositions and uses of fuel additives.

The use of a reaction product of (i) an alcohol and (ii) a dicarboxylic acid compound of formula (I):

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or an anhydride thereof; and/or of a polymer prepared from components (i) and (ii); as an additive in a diesel fuel composition to reduce the impact of deposits in an EGR system and/or the post combustion system of a diesel engine when combusting said diesel fuel composition.

The present disclosure generally relates to antifoulant compositions and methods of preventing or inhibiting fouling. The disclosure relates to antifoulant compositions comprising one or more solvents, one or more antipolymerants, and one or more dispersants. The compositions may include other optional components, such as an antioxidant, an alcohol, and/or water. Methods of using the compositions in natural gas dehydrogenation processes to prevent or minimize fouling are also disclosed.

The inhibition method of spontaneous heat generation in solid carbon resources includes adding a petroleum-based additive to solid carbon resources as a spontaneous heat generation inhibitor.