A fuel additive composition includes: (a) one or more copolymers including:

at least one unit of formula (I) below:

##STR00001##

with u=0 or 1, E=—O— or —N(Z)—, or —O—CO—, or —CO—O— or —NH—CO— or —CO—NH—, with Z representing H or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, G represents a group chosen from a C.sub.1-C.sub.34 alkyl, an aromatic nucleus, an aralkyl including at least one aromatic nucleus and at least one C.sub.1-C.sub.34 alkyl group, and —at least one unit of formula (II) below:

##STR00002##

in which R.sub.1″ is chosen from a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, Q is chosen from an oxygen atom and a group —NR′— with R′ being chosen from a hydrogen atom and C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon-based chains, R comprises a C.sub.1 to C.sub.34 hydrocarbon-based chain substituted with at least one quaternary ammonium group.

A fertilizer/soil conditioner or a fuel source material is formed by processing animal waste by-products through the use of a rotary biomass dryer system. The animal waste by-product includes without limitation manure obtained from cattle or swine; feed lot bedding, poultry litter, a digestate of animal waste by-products obtained from an anaerobic digester, municipal waste, waste meat renderings, waste meat, or a mixture thereof. The processed material may comprise a higher amount of ash and a lower amount of volatile material than the animal waste by-product. The processed material may be stored as a powder or processed into pellets, logs, pucks, briquettes or another convenient shape form.

Disclosed is a blended gasoline composition having an AKI of 87. The formulation of the blended gasoline composition leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emission. The blended gasoline composition contains a reduced concentration of olefins and non-amine aromatics.

A method minimizes power loss in a direct injection diesel engine by adding a copolymer to a diesel fuel composition. The copolymer contains, in a copolymerized form, (A) maleic anhydride, (B) an α-olefin having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms, (C) optionally an additional aliphatic or cycloaliphatic olefin which has at least 4 carbon atoms and is different from monomer (B), and (D) optionally an additional copolymerizable monomer other than monomers (A), (B) and (C). Monomer (D) can be a vinyl ester, a vinyl ether, a (meth)acrylic ester of an alcohol having at least 5 carbon atoms, an allyl alcohol or an ester thereof, a N-vinyl compound, an ethylenically unsaturated aromatic, an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile, a (meth)acrylamide, or an allylamine. Anhydride functionalities present in the copolymer are partly reacted with at least one compound (E) comprising an alcohol group and/or an amino group, and the anhydride functionalities present are hydrolyzed.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup.− is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen. ##STR00001##

A fuel composition for powering a combustion engine the composition comprising: a liquid base fuel; and a copolymer obtainable by copolymerizing at least the following monomers: —at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester; —at least one fatty-alkyl (meth)acrylate; —optionally, and preferably, at least one aromatic vinyl monomer; and —optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

An octane-enhancing additive includes a mixed butanol composition, sec-butyl ether, methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and a C4-dimer, the mixed butanol composition comprising sec-butanol and tert-butanol, and the C4-dimer comprising di-isobutylene, 2,2,4 trimethylpentane, 2,3,3 trimethylpentane, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

Increasing of the heating value of combustible biomass through hemicellulose extraction and subsequent press-drying is described. After hemicellulose extraction the remaining biomass is soft and easily press-dried to high dry content of up to 80%. The method involves the removal of most water binding hemicelluloses and retaining most of the lignin in the biomass. Lignin can either be retained in the biomass during the extraction or combining the lignin, which has been separated from the hemicellulose extract, with the extracted biomass.

A fuel composition and fluid regulation apparatus are provided for an improved fuel composition and distribution. The fuel composition may include or relate to a fluid regulation apparatus, flow component, electronic controller, regulator covers, roller clip mechanism, filling head, feeder stem and distributor. A method to operate an improved fuel composition and/or fluid regulation apparatus is also provided.

The present invention relates to use of Perovskite type of materials as combustion improver in gaseous and liquid fuels. Structurally, the Perovskite material consists of ABO.sub.3, A.sub.xB.sub.1-xC.sub.yO.sub.3 or A.sub.xB.sub.1-xC.sub.yO.sub.3 kind of material with stoichiometric deficiency and oxygen deficient sites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the nanosized perovskite materials stably dispersed in hydrocarbon medium and compatible to the fuel has been used to improve the combustion process and generate more heat output.