A method of preparing a fuel composition includes placing coal having a heat content between about 3,000 BTU/lb and about 9,000 BTU/lb and a moisture content between about 20 wt % and about 60 wt % in a vessel. The coal is exposed to heat and a pressure less than atmospheric pressure within the vessel, thereby reducing the coal, such that an average primary particle size of the coal is less than 1 millimeter. A binder is introduced to the vessel, such that the coal combines with the binder to yield a mixture. The mixture is shaped to yield a fuel composition.

The invention relates to a compression ignition engine fuel comprising 95.0% to 99.9% by weight ammonia and 0.01% to 5.0% by weight of an alkyl nitrate or mixture of alkyl nitrates.

The invention relates to uses of hydrocarbon/lipid complexes with carotenoids for improvement properties of hydrocarbon-based products as well as related methods and uses.

The present disclosure relates to a method of reducing regeneration frequency of a diesel particulate filter in a vehicle combusting diesel fuel. The method includes combusting a diesel fuel in a vehicle engine having a diesel particulate filter and wherein the diesel particulate filter requires regeneration thereof. The diesel fuel has less than about 50 ppmw of sulfur and one or more select additives to reduce a measured frequency of regeneration of the diesel particulate filter.

A fuel additive formulation, method of use, and method of producing the fuel additive formulation are described. The fuel additive of the present disclosure comprises a mixture of nitroparaffins comprising nitropropane and nitromethane, a lubricant, and an aromatic hydrocarbon. The fuel additive formulation is substantially free of nitroethane. The combustion in an internal combustion engine of a fuel containing the additive results in reduced emissions relative to the combustion of a fuel not containing the additive.

A method for using a nanocomposite of tin cobalt oxide nanocubes and graphene oxide to photo-catalytically degrade a portion of an organic contaminant in a solution. The nanocubes have an average side length in a range of 400 nm-1.5 m and a carbon to tin molar ratio in a range of 10:1-25:1. The nanocomposite may also be used for enhancing the efficiency of a liquid fuel.

For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of world-wide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

A fuel additive composition, including: (a) one or more copolymer(s) including: at least one unit of the following formula (I), where u=0 or 1, E=-O or N(Z), or OCO, or COO or NHCO or CONH, where Z represents H or a C1-C6 alkyl group, G represents a group selected between a C1-C34 alkyl group, aromatic ring, aralkyl including at least one aromatic ring and at least one C1-C34 alkyl group, and at least one unit of the following formula (II), where R1 is selected between a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, Q is selected between an oxygen atom and a group NR, where R is selected between a hydrogen atom and C1-C12 hydrocarbon chains, R includes a C1-C34 hydrocarbon chain substituted with at least one quaternary ammonium, (b) one or more amines substituted with a polyalkenyl group, and (c) at least one carrier oil.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for increasing the amount of a hydrocarbon oil, said method being characterized by comprising mixing air-bubbled water with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with a hydrocarbon oil to produce an emulsion, and bringing the emulsion into contact with a gas or an aqueous solution each containing carbon dioxide, wherein the amount of the hydrocarbon oil is increased in accordance with the reactions represented by (formula 1) and (formula 2): (1) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CH.sub.3OH.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+2+H.sub.2O, (2) (1)(Formula 3)+(Formula 4), (3) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CO.sub.2+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+2+3/2O.sub.2, and (4) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CO.sub.2+2H.sub.2O.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+4+2O.sub.2.

A gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and an alcohol or formula H(OR).sub.nOR.sup.1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer; wherein n is not O when R.sup.1 is hydrogen.