A fuel additive formulation, method of use, and method of producing the fuel additive formulation are described. The fuel additive of the present disclosure comprises a mixture of nitroparaffins comprising nitropropane and nitromethane, a lubricant, and an aromatic hydrocarbon. The fuel additive formulation is substantially free of nitroethane. The combustion in an internal combustion engine of a fuel containing the additive results in reduced emissions relative to the combustion of a fuel not containing the additive.

The invention relates to a copolymer comprising: at least one motif of the following formula (I), and motifs of the following formula (II), between 5 and 95 mol % of the groups R of the motifs of formula (II) comprising at least one quaternary amino group. The invention also relates to the production of such a copolymer, and to the use thereof as a detergent additive and/or demulsifying additive in a liquid fuel for an internal combustion engine.

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The invention relates to the use of specific quaternised nitrogen compounds which are also subjected to specific transesterification or amidation, as a fuel and lubricant additive or kerosene additive, such as in particular as a detergent additive, for decreasing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, in particular in common rail injection systems, for decreasing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, in particular of diesel engines having common rail injection systems, and for minimizing the power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, in particular in diesel engines having common rail injection systems. The invention further relates to the use as an additive for petrol, in particular for operation of DISI engines.

The invention relates to a composition of additives for fuel, comprising: (a) one or more copolymer(s) comprising the following units of formulae (I) and units of formula (IIa): R representing a hydrocarbon-based chain substituted with at least one amino group comprising at least one quaternary ammonium or iminium function, and (b) one or more copolymer(s) comprising units of formulae (I) and units of formula (IIb): R representing a hydrocarbon-based chain substituted with at least one amino group comprising at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine function or imine function. The invention also relates to the use of such a composition as a detergent additive and/or demulsifying additive in a liquid fuel for an internal combustion engine.

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The present invention relates to the field of fuel additives for fuel compositions and more particularly to a composition that can be used as a friction modifier, and its preparation process. More particularly, the present invention concerns a composition comprising at least one fatty acid amide of diethanolamine (DEA) and at least one fatty acid ester and/or amide of DEA oligomer, and it preparation process.

A method for enhancing the efficiency of a liquid fuel is described. The method involves the addition of cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles to the liquid fuel to produce an enhanced liquid fuel. The cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles may be present at a concentration of 50-200 ppm, and may increase the calorific value of the fuel by a factor of 25-52 times.

The invention relates to a specific copolymer obtainable by co-polymerizing at least the following monomers: at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester at least one C8-C24-alkyl (meth)acrylate optionally, and preferably, at least one aromatic vinyl monomer; and optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, whereby the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight from 400,000 to 50,000,000 Dalton, as well as to the way to synthesize them and the use of such polymers to modify the rheology of a liquid in which they are soluble.

A fuel additive composition has a base fuel; colloidal nanocarbon particles, and a dispersion stabilizer that aids in stably suspending the colloidal nanocarbon particles in the base fuel. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

A process of operating a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions including under steady state and under lean-operating conditions at high overall air to fuel (AFR) ratios. A first supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel, such as gasoline or natural gas, and a first supply of oxidant are fed to a fuel reformer to produce a gaseous reformate with a reforming efficiency of greater than 75 percent relative to equilibrium. The gaseous reformate is mixed with a second supply of oxidant, after which the resulting reformate blended oxidant is fed with a second supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel to the SI-ICE for combustion. Steady state fuel efficiency is improved by more than 3 percent, when the reformate comprises from greater than about 1 to less than about 18 percent of the total volume of reformate blended oxidant fed to the engine.

The coal-derived solid hydrocarbon particles are discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter having a particle size less than about 10 m that are substantially free of inherent or entrained mineral matter. The particles of have an average particle size in the range from 1 m to 8 m. The particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter are milled to a size approximately the same as a size of coal-derived mineral matter inherent in the coal source to release inherent coal-derived mineral matter particles such that the particles of carbonaceous matter and the particles of mineral matter are discrete and separable solid particles. Following separation, less than 1.5 wt. % discrete coal-derived mineral matter particles are associated with the discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter. Particles of coal-derived solid hydrocarbon matter are blended with a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuel to form a two-phase hydrocarbon fuel feedstock.