A process for upgrading of a coal product is provided. The process comprising the steps of: (i) providing a purified coal composition, wherein the composition is in the form of solid particles, and wherein at least about 90% by volume (% vol) of the solid particles are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter; and (ii) combining the purified coal composition with a solid coal feedstock, in order to create a combined solid-solid blend upgraded coal product. Further a process for preparation of a purified coal product is provided. The process comprising the steps of: obtaining a starting material that comprises coal; subjecting the starting material to at least one fine grinding stage so as to reduce the starting material to a particulate composition in which substantially all of the particles are no more than 500 microns (μm) in diameter; exposing the particulate composition to at least one froth flotation stage so as to separate hydrocarbonaceous material comprised within the particulate composition from mineral matter, wherein during the at least one froth flotation stage the hydrocarbonaceous material is associated with froth produced and separated from the at least one froth flotation stage; washing the froth separated from the at least one froth flotation stage with water to release the hydrocarbonaceous material; and subjecting the hydrocarbonaceous material to at least one dewatering stage so as to obtain a particulate purified coal product that has an ash content of less than 12% m, a water content of less than 25% m and wherein the particles comprised within the particulate purified coal product have a d90 of less than 00 μm. Products, such as pelletized or briquetted coal, comprising purified coal material obtainable via the described processes are also provided.

A method of direct reduction of iron (DRI) is disclosed, the method comprising generating metallic iron by removing oxygen from iron ore using a reducing gaseous mixture with excess carbon monoxide that produces an excess CO.sub.2 by-product is provided. CO.sub.2 by-product is optionally sequestered. A system for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. The resulting naphtha boiling range fractions can have a high naphthenes to aromatics weight ratio, a low but substantial content of aromatics, and a low sulfur content. In some aspects, the fractions can be used as fuels and/or fuel blending products after fractionation with minimal further refinery processing. In other aspects, the amount of additional refinery processing, such as hydrotreatment, catalytic reforming and/or isomerization, can be reduced or minimized. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

A system and method for treating gas to fuel turbines by passing raw gas through an inlet pressure reducing valve to adjust the gas pressure and through a scrubber to capture liquids from the gas. Next, the gas is passed through a compressor to bring it to a pressure above that required by an inlet of a turbine and then to a post-compression aerial cooler that cools the gas to a temperature lower than a required dewpoint at fuel delivery pressure. Next, natural gas liquids are removed from the gas by passing it through a separator. A first portion of the cooled compressed gas is sent through a gas-to-gas heat exchanger, creating heated compressed gas, and a second portion of the cooled compressed gas passes through a backpressure valve. The heated compressed gas is blended with the second portion to create a fuel gas stream with a desired delivery temperature.

Disclosed herein are processes and systems that utilize olefin cross metathesis of triglycerides to produce jet fuel such as hydrocarbons with carbons numbers from C9 to C16. Jet range hydrocarbons may include paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics with carbon numbers from 9 to 16 (C9-C16), and isomers thereof. The process described herein is versatile and may be suitable for producing jet range hydrocarbons from many different grades and sources of triglycerides. Further, the process described herein may be selective to jet range hydrocarbons which may result in increased yield as compared to hydrocracking or other processes for producing jet range hydrocarbons from triglycerides.

The present disclosure relates to a method that includes a first treating of a first mixture that includes a carboxylic acid having between 2 and 12 carbon atoms, inclusively, to form a second mixture that includes a ketone having between 2 and 25 carbon atoms, inclusively, and a second treating of at least a first portion of the second mixture to form a first product that includes a paraffin having 8 or more carbon atoms.

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions that can be used when the non-polar composition is in a flow, and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone with a longest span having a molecular weight that remains substantially unchanged under the flow conditions and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms.

Methods are provided to prepare a low sulfur fuel from hydrocarbon sources, such as light tight oil and high sulfur fuel oil, often less desired by conventional refiners, who split crude into a wide range of differing products and may prefer presence of wide ranges (C3 or C5 to C20 or higher) of hydrocarbons. These fuels can be produced by separating feeds into untreated and treated streams, and then recombining them. Such fuels can also be formulated by combinations of light, middle and heavy range constituents in a selected manner as claimed. Not only low in sulfur, the fuels of this invention are also low in nitrogen and essentially metals free. Fuel use applications include on-board large marine transport vessels but also on-shore for large land based combustion gas turbines, boilers, fired heaters and transport vehicles and trains.

Methods are provided to prepare a low sulfur fuel from hydrocarbon sources, such as light tight oil and high sulfur fuel oil, often less desired by conventional refiners, who split crude into a wide range of differing products and may prefer presence of wide ranges (C3 or C5 to C20 or higher) of hydrocarbons. These fuels can be produced by separating feeds into untreated and treated streams, and then recombining them. Such fuels can also be formulated by combinations of light, middle and heavy range constituents in a selected manner as claimed. Not only low in sulfur, the fuels of this invention are also low in nitrogen and essentially metals free. Fuel use applications include on-board large marine transport vessels but also on-shore for large land based combustion gas turbines, boilers, fired heaters and transport vehicles and trains.

The present invention relates to the use of a fuel composition comprising at least 85% by weight of one or more hydrocarbon fractions consisting of one or more hydrotreated vegetable oils, said fraction(s) having a distillation range between 100 and 400° C. and having a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by weight, for reducing the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine (or diesel engine). The present invention also relates to a method for cleaning the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine using such a composition.