For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of worldwide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

Disclosed is a method for using cold rolling magnetic filtration waste, comprising using the cold rolling magnetic filtration waste as a fluxing agent for a high-ash-fusion coal so as to achieve the technical requirements of a high melting point coal in dry coal powder gasification and liquid slagging. The cold rolling magnetic filtration waste contains solid particulates with very fine particles (iron-containing particles mainly produced by friction), and the surface thereof has a cold rolling oil attached thereto, and same reacts with other aluminosilicates in coal ash at a high temperature to produce low temperature eutectic compounds such as fayalite (Fe.sub.2SiO.sub.4) and hercynite (Fe.sub.2Al.sub.2O.sub.4). The fluxing agent has characteristics such as having fine particles, being free of inorganic mineral substances, having an effective ingredient in a high content, operation thereof being simple, and being free of pollution.

The present invention relates, inter alia, to vegetative plant parts, such as from a Sorghum sp. and/or a Zea mays plant, which comprise a total fatty acid (TFA) content which comprises fatty acids esterified in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) and fatty acids in the form of lipids other than TAG, wherein the vegetative plant parts comprise greatly increased levels of TFA, for example a TFA content of about 5% (w/w dry weight). The present invention also relates to the use of the vegetative plant parts as a feedstuff, and/or to produce a feedstuff, for animal consumption.

A method for producing a fuel composition, including the following steps: providing special gas containing combustible substances; reforming a first part of the special gas by producing synthesis gas; producing dimethyl ether from the synthesis gas by producing a reaction mixture containing a dimethyl ether; separating methanol from the reaction mixture and producing a methanol-reduced dimethyl ether mixture; and bringing together a second part of the special gas with the methanol reduced dimethyl ether mixture in order to obtain the fuel composition.

Aspects of the invention relate to improvements in the flexibility with which oxygen and hydrogen, for example from electrolysis, may be supplied to processes having both gasification and methanation steps, as well as improvements in how such processes may be operated in response to variations in carbonaceous feeds. Offsets, between the ideal quantity of hydrogen and the quantity available from a given source may be compensated for by adjusting one or more operations of the process, and in particular such operation(s) that ultimately impact the quantity of CO and/or CO.sub.2 available downstream of the gasifier for conversion to methane in an RNG product stream.

A volume of natural gas including a volume of methane and a volume of other alkanes may be cleaned of the other alkanes using a steam reformer system to create synthesis gas.

For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of world-wide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

An additive has been prepared for blending with gasoline that facilitates a cylinder resident reaction, in high compression internal combustion engines (ICEs), to produce an increase in engine's mechanical energy output. A method of increasing mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) comprising blending an amount of additive with gasoline to perform hydrolysis of olefin hydrocarbons, represented by octene (C8) into petroleum gas hydrocarbons, represented by butane (C4), wherein the additive facilitates cylinder-resident reaction, aided by a low concentration of organometallic catalyst, to utilize the elements of the water combustion product, to hydrolyze olefin hydrocarbons such as octene, resident in the gasoline, into petroleum gas hydrocarbons such as butane, and to increase the ICE's efficiency of utilization of the energy of the fuel.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.