Systems and methods of producing a solid fuel composition are disclosed. In particular, systems and methods for producing a solid fuel composition by heating and mixing a solid waste mixture to a maximum temperature sufficient to melt the mixed plastics within the solid waste mixture is disclosed.

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant.

Process for the treatment of a feedstock containing biomass, the process including a) drying the feedstock at a temperature between 20 and 180° C. for a duration between 5 and 180 minutes, b) torrefaction of the feedstock originating from step a) in order to produce at least one torrefied biomass solid effluent, c) co-grinding the torrefied biomass solid effluent originating from step b), in the presence of at least one solid fossil feedstock in order to obtain a powder.

A process for the conversion of a cellulose containing feed comprising the steps of: contacting the cellulose containing feed with a molten salt hydrate and mildly hydrolyzing the cellulose to form a solution of partially hydrolized cellulose, separating one or more components of the partially hydrolyzed cellulose from the solution, converting the separated one or more components of the partially hydrolyzed cellulose in a thermo-catalytic process.

The present invention is directed to a method of producing a solid fuel which includes providing a bio-oil and thermally curing the bio-oil to form a carbonaceous solid. The present invention is also directed to a method of producing a solid fuel which includes providing a bio-oil; subjecting the bio-oil to an extraction procedure with an aqueous liquid to produce a concentrated pyrolytic sugar-containing extract and a water insoluble raffinate comprising a lignin-derived phenolic oil; and thermally curing the phenolic oil to form a carbonaceous solid.

Disclosed is method for removing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide from a sour gas stream. The method comprises subjecting the gas stream to simultaneous contact with an absorption liquid, such as an aqueous amine solution, and with a catalyst suitable for hydrolyzing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide. To this end, the invention also provides a reactor system wherein both an absorption liquid and a catalyst are present. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst present on or in an absorption column, either coated on the trays of a column with trays, or contained in the packing of a packed column.

Methods of making fuel are described herein. A method may include providing a first working fluid, a second working fluid, and a third working fluid. The method may also include exposing the first working fluid to a first high voltage electric field to produce a first plasma, exposing the second working fluid to a second high voltage electric field to produce a second plasma, and exposing the third working fluid to a third high voltage electric field to produce a third plasma. The method may also include providing and contacting a carbon-based feedstock with the third plasma, the second plasma, and the first plasma within a processing chamber to form a mixture, cooling the mixture using a heat exchange device to form a cooled mixture, and contacting the cooled mixture with a catalyst to form a fuel.

A device for converting carbon dioxide in flue gas into natural gas using dump energy. The device includes a transformer and rectifier device, an electrolytic cell, a turbine, a carbon dioxide heater, a primary fixed bed reactor, a secondary fixed bed reactor, a natural gas condenser, and a process water line. An outlet of the transformer and rectifier device is connected to a power interface of the electrolytic cell, a gas-liquid outlet of a cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to a gas-liquid inlet of a hydrogen separator, and a liquid outlet of the hydrogen separator is connected to a liquid reflux port of the cathode of the electrolytic cell.

The present invention is provided with: a first processing device main body (111) that processes carbonized coal (1) by means of processing gas (103) of which the oxygen concentration has been adjusted by blowers (113,115); a second processing device main body (121) that processes primary processed carbonized coal (2a), which results from being processed at the first processing device main body, by means of air (102) fed by a blower (122); a second-processing-gas state detection means that detects the state of the air used within the second processing device main body; and a control device (130) that, on the basis of information from the second-processing—gas state detection means, controls the blowers (113,115) in a manner so as to adjust the oxygen concentration in the processing gas when the state of the air has diverged from a predetermined state.

A liquid fuel derived from processed biomass having extremely low water content and suitable for use in diesel engines or as an additive to petroleum based fuels, or which can be used as a petroleum or coal slurry substitute in those uses where a lower cost fuel have reduced emission is desired, is described.