This disclosure describes processes for using a single cellulosic feedstock or a combination of two or more different cellulosic feedstocks with a starch component to produce a fermented product. The process includes separating the components of the cellulosic feedstocks with fractionation, pretreating a component with wet fractionation with chemicals, hydrolysis and fermenta-tion of the pretreated feedstock(s) to produce cellulosic biofuel. The process may include combining the cellulosic feedstock(s) with other components to a cook and/or a fermentation process, distilling and dehydrating the combined components to produce the biofuel. The process may also include producing a whole stillage stream from the feedstock(s) and mechanically processing the whole stillage stream to produce a high-value protein animal feed.

A method of producing a nanoemulsion is disclosed that provides an oleaginous base fuel, and water in an amount of at least 10 wt %. A first nonionic surfactant, a second nonionic surfactant and a third nonionic surfactant are mixed in substantially equal weight ratios into a surfactant mixture. The surfactant mixture is mixed with the water and the base fuel to form the nanoemulsion fuel. A nanoemulsion fuel composition can comprise an external oleaginous phase comprised of base fuel, an internal aqueous phase comprised of water, and a surfactant mixture comprised of a plurality of surfactants. The first surfactant can be derived from ethylene oxide, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are detergents having a fatty acid.

The present invention relates to a process for forming a fuel pellet, based on using a particular formula for making the fuel pellets. The process for forming a fuel pellet comprising of the following steps:

providing a particulate carbonaceous material having a particle size of <1 mm;

admixing the particulate carbonaceous material with a polysaccharide or a polyvinyl alcohol binder, and a crosslinker;

shaping the so-formed mixture to provide the fuel pellet.

Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization method for marine fuel oil. The method includes a step of preparing a pretreatment desulfurization agent including (a) at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, MnO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O3, (b) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Cd, and Pb, and (c) at least one liquid composition selected from the group consisting of sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The method also includes a step of feeding the pretreatment desulfurization agent to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine at a certain ratio so that a fluid mixture containing the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, thereby adsorbing and removing sulfur oxides during combustion of the fluid mixture.

Processes for upgrading of a coal product and preparing of a purified coal product are provided. The process comprises the steps of: (i) providing a purified coal composition, wherein the composition is in the form of solid particles, and wherein at least about 90% by volume (% vol) of the solid particles are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter; and (ii) combining the purified coal composition with a solid coal feedstock, in order to create a combined solid-solid blend upgraded coal product.

The present invention relates to a pelletisable formula, and a process for using the formula for making fuel pellets. The pelletisable formula comprises a particulate carbonaceous material such as coal dust or coal fines of particle size <1 mm, a polysaccharide or a polyvinyl alcohol binder, and a crosslinker such as zirconium carbonate or sodium borate.

Embodiments may include a hydrogen sulfide scrubber system that includes a charging chamber, a reaction vessel, and a treated gas trap. Embodiments may include a mobile vehicle, vessel, or platform that includes a mobile vehicle, vessel, or platform with a mounted hydrogen sulfide scrubber system. The hydrogen sulfide scrubber system is configured as previously described. Embodiments may include a method of using a hydrogen sulfide scrubber system.

A fuel production system includes a first modular unit and a second modular unit. The first modular unit includes a first housing, a process vessel, an agitator rotor assembly, a first drivetrain, an extrusion screw, a second drivetrain, a first separation vessel, and a product shaping system. The second modular unit includes a second housing, a thermal fluid heater system, a condenser, a second separation vessel, and a vacuum pump. The second modular unit is configured to be coupled to the first modular unit. At least a portion of each of the process vessel, the agitator rotor assembly, the first drivetrain, the extrusion screw, the second drivetrain, the first separation vessel, and the product shaping system are contained in the first housing. At least a portion of each of the thermal fluid heater system, the condenser, the second separation vessel, and the vacuum pump are contained in the second housing.

A process for producing a microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprising water and at least one hydrocarbon or oil, comprising the steps of: a) providing the hydrocarbon or oil, water, one or more additives, a solvent, and a hydrophilic surfactant formulation comprising an amine or amide derivative non-ionic surfactant which is a fatty acid alkanolamide, one or more ethoxylated alcohols and/or ethoxylated alkylphenols, and a non-ionic fatty acid ester; b) by a mixing or stirring device operating at a mixing or stirring speed in the range 100 rpm and 15000 rpm, mixing or stirring the hydrophilic surfactant formulation and additive into the solvent, to produce a hydrophilic self-emulsifying blend; c) adding water to the hydrophilic self-emulsifying blend and the hydrocarbon or oil to produce a water-in-hydrocarbon/oil microemulsion or nanoemulsion, wherein the microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprises: 46% or more by mass of the hydrocarbon or oil, 4% to 36% by mass of water, a mass ratio of hydrophilic surfactant formulation to water in the range 1:10 to 1:2, 0.1% to 5% by mass of additive, 1.2% or more by mass of the solvent, a dispersed particle size in the range 1 nm to 500 nm, and a polydispersity index of 35% PdI or less, wherein the percentages by mass of the hydrocarbon or oil, water, formulation, additive and solvent together add up to 100%.

To treat organic sludge while keeping facility costs, cement production efficiency, and a reduction in clinker production amount to a minimum. An organic sludge treatment device includes: a fractionation device 7 that fractionates a preheated raw material R2 from a preheater cyclone 4C excluding a bottommost cyclone of a cement burning device 1; a mixing device 8 that mixes an organic sludge S with the fractionated preheated raw material, and that dries the organic sludge using sensible heat of the preheated raw material; and a supply device (mixture chute 12, double-flap damper 13, shut damper 14) that supplies a mixture M from the mixing device to a calciner furnace 5 of the cement burning device or to a duct disposed between a kiln inlet portion of a cement kiln 2 and the calciner furnace. The treatment device may be provided with an introduction device for introducing an exhaust gas G2 including dust, odor and water vapor from the mixing device to a gas outlet of a bottommost cyclone 4A of the cement burning device.