Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials and useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, irradiating methods and systems are described to aid in the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials. The electron beam accelerator has multiple windows foils and these foils are cooled with cooling gas. In one configuration a secondary foil is integral to the electron beam accelerator and in another configuration the secondary foil is part of the enclosure for the biomass conveying system.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

An organic waste digester system is provided. The system includes a heated hopper unit within the housing to receive organic waste. An agitation mechanism mixes the organic waste along with a microbe mixture to aid breakdown of the waste. Liquefied organic waste is discharged through an outlet and conveyed to a drying unit downstream of the hopper unit. The drying unit includes a microwave dryer unit.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in two or more vaults that can share a common wall.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in two or more vaults that can share a common wall.

In a method of producing a hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel by adding water to a base oil, it is intended to increase a ratio of the synthetic fuel to a hydrocarbon-based fuel as the base oil, more significantly than ever before. Specifically, provided is a method of producing a hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel oil having a volume greater than that of a hydrocarbon-based base fuel oil, by adding water to the hydrocarbon-based base fuel oil, wherein a first-order hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel oil produced by the production method is used as a base fuel oil for producing a second-order hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel oil, or this process is repeated plural times in sequence, thereby producing a hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel having a high water addition rate.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. Systems, methods and equipment are described for upgrading process streams using electrodialysis or electrodialysis reversal.

A method of continuous hydrothermal carbonization of sludge containing organic matter, involving a stage of hydrothermal reaction carried out in a reactor (4), includes: a step of introduction of sludge in which the sludge is introduced into the reactor (4) by a first inlet (11), a step of endogenous injection of steam in which steam is injected into the reactor (4) by a second inlet (15) distinct from the first inlet (11), a step of extraction in which at least a portion of the sludge contained in the reactor (4) is extracted continuously by a sludge outlet (16), a step of preheating in which the temperature of the sludge is raised prior to its introduction into the reactor (4) up to a temperature of preheating greater than 70 C. Also disclosed is a device making it possible to carry out such a method.

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, novel systems, methods and equipment for conveying and/or cooling treated biomass are described.

A system and method are described for heating a substance (i.e., liquid, gas, and/or an absorbed solid) using a carbon nanostructured porous foam as a heat transfer material and an electronic heat source. In some embodiments, the heat source may be a microwave volumetric heating (MVH) system. The method for heating, vaporizing, or decomposing any of the desired substance may involve filtering or continuously flowing the substance through the carbon nanostructured porous foam heat transfer material, resulting in physical confinement or absorption of the substance, and subjecting the carbon nanostructure porous foam heat transfer material to sufficient electronic radiation.