Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

The present invention relates to methods for the conversion of CO.sub.2 to chemical energy carriers and products, in particular via a methanation of the gas phase fraction from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

A process is provided for forming a fuel or a fuel intermediate from two fermentations that includes feeding an aqueous solution comprising a fermentation product from a first bioreactor to a second bioreactor and/or a stage upstream of the second bioreactor, which also produces the fermentation product. The aqueous solution may be added at any stage of the second fermentation and/or processing steps upstream from the second bioreactor that would otherwise require the addition of water. Accordingly, the product yield is increased while fresh/treated water usage is decreased.

A method for providing a fuel includes providing biogas from a plurality of biogas sources, the biogas from each biogas source produced in a process comprising filling a vessel with raw biogas or partially purified biogas to a pressure of at least 1500 psig and transporting the filled vessel to a centralized processing facility by vehicle. A fuel is produced in a fuel production process that includes feeding the biogas transported to the centralized processing facility to a biogas upgrading system that is configured to provide a carbon dioxide removed from the biogas. The removed carbon dioxide is provided for transport by vehicle and/or pipeline and/or sequestered to offset greenhouse gas emissions attributed to compressing the biogas for transport.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

The present disclosure relates to a flue gas treatment system (e.g. a multi-pollutant flue gas treatment system) for removal of greenhouse gases such as SO.sub.2, NO, NO.sub.2, H.sub.2S, HCl, water and CO.sub.2 as well as heavy metals (e.g. mercury, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, lead and/or selenium) from the flue gases of fossil-fueled utility and industrial plants by reacting the raw flue gas, firstly, with chlorine in a gas-phase oxidation reaction and recovering the resulting products as marketable products, and then, secondly, treating the cleaned gas, which includes CO.sub.2, with a Sabatier reaction to produce a hydrocarbon fuel (e.g. methane). The system also includes an electrolytic unit for electrolyzing HCl to produce hydrogen gas for the Sabatier reaction as well as chlorine gas, which may then be recycled into the reactor.

A feedstock delivery system transfers a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas generation system. The feedstock delivery system includes a splitter for splitting bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams. Each stream is processed using a weighing system for gauging the quantity of carbonaceous material, a densification system for forming plugs of carbonaceous material, a de-densification system for breaking up the plugs of carbonaceous material, and a gas and carbonaceous material mixing system for forming a carbonaceous material and gas mixture. A pressure of the mixing gas is reduced prior to mixing with the carbonaceous material, and the carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio is monitored. A transport assembly conveys the carbonaceous material and gas mixture to a first reactor where at least the carbonaceous material within the mixture is subject to thermochemical reactions to form the product gas.

A process for preparing normal paraffins involves separating a Fischer-Tropsch product stream to obtain first gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon streams. The first gaseous hydrocarbon stream is cooled and separated to obtain a second liquid hydrocarbon stream and a third liquid hydrocarbon stream, which are hydrogenated. The hydrogenated liquid hydrocarbon stream is separated by distillation to obtain a hydrogenated normal paraffin fraction comprising 5 to 9 carbon atoms, a hydrogenated normal paraffin fraction comprising 10 to 13 carbon atoms, a hydrogenated normal paraffin fraction comprising 14 to 18 carbon atoms, and a hydrogenated normal paraffin fraction comprising 19 to 35 carbon atoms.

A syngas generator is disclosed as an exothermic gas generator that can accommodate high combustion temperatures of a natural gas/oxygen flame. The generator consists of four sections: a heavily insulated combustion chamber, a catalyst chamber, a spray chamber, and a heat exchanger. These four sections may be arranged in series and tightly bolted together to form a gas-tight system. Natural gas, oxygen and steam are supplied to a burner at the inlet end of the combustion chamber. This mixture is ignited and the resulting hot process gas is then fed into a catalyst bed where it reacts with the steam and is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas). The syngas is fed to a Fischer-Tropsch unit to create liquid fuel.

Provided herein are systems and methods for controlling production of low-carbon liquid fuels and chemicals. In an aspect, provided herein is a method controlling a process that produces e-fuels. In another aspect, provided herein is a system for producing an e-fuel.